Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Anatomy and Physiology Study Notes

• Anatomy: The study of the structure of the human body.
• Branches of anatomy:
  • Gross Anatomy: Studies structures visible to the naked eye.
  • Microscopic Anatomy: Studies structures requiring a microscope.
  • Developmental Anatomy: Studies the changes that occur as an organism develops.
  • Radiological Anatomy: Uses imaging techniques (like X-rays and MRI) to study structures.
  • Embryology: Studies the development of organisms.
  • Pharmacology: The study of medications and their effects on the body/ not a branch of anatomy
• Clinical Scenario: A radiologist uses X-rays to observe chest structures.
  • Radiological anatomy is the relevant branch.
• Planes of the body:
  • Sagittal: Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
  • Frontal (Coronal): Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
  • Transverse: Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
  • Oblique: Divides the body in any angle other than the above.
• Movement in the sagittal plane:
  • Lateral bending of the head/neck.
• Types of cartilage:
  • Hyaline: Found in the trachea, nasal septum, articular surfaces of bones (except external ears)
  • Elastic: Found in the external ear
  • Fibrocartilage: Found in intervertebral discs
  • Calcified cartilage: Not a type of cartilage. This describes a calcified form of cartilage.
• Flat bones:
  • The Sternum is a flat bone.
• Endochondral ossification: Primarily occurs in long bones.
• Growth plate: The epiphyseal plate is the part of a long bone affected in a child with a fracture.
• Skeletal vs. Smooth muscles: Skeletal muscles are striated and voluntary, while smooth muscles are non-striated and involuntary.
• Connective tissue layer surrounding a muscle fiber: Endomysium
• Muscle architecture:
  • Fusiform: Spindle-shaped.
  • Parallel: Fibers run parallel to each other.
  • Pennate: Fibers are oblique to the tendon.
• Types of synovial joints: Knee joint, skull sutures (not synovial joints), intervertebral discs (not synovial joints).
• Functional classification of joints: Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable).
• Type of joint affected in shoulder dislocation: Ball and socket joint
• Primary blood pressure regulator: Arterioles (small arteries)
• Blood flow in pulmonary circulation: Heart → lungs → heart
• Which branch of anatomy is gross anatomy: Gross anatomy
• Soft tissue imaging: MRI or Ultrasound
• Understanding the spatial relationships between organs: Topographical anatomy
• Movement away from midline: Abduction
• Lying on back with face upwards: Supine position.
• Plane of movement affected in dorsiflexion difficulty: Sagittal plane
• Cartilage that lacks perichondrium: Fibrocartilage
• Primary function of fibrocartilage: Absorb shock.
• Structure affected in epiglottis damage: Ability to swallow. Or breathing.
• Irregular bone: Vertebra is an irregular bone
• Intramembranous ossification location: Clavicle, skull
• Newborn with abnormal cranial development: Endochondral ossification
• Intercalated discs structure: Cardiac muscle
• Type of joint with most movement: Synovial joint
• Example of a pivot joint: Atlantoaxial joint
• Type of joint affected in knee injury (traumatic): Synovial joint
• Thickest muscular wall vessel: Arteries
• Structure in synovial joint affected by cartilage damage: Articular cartilage
• Bone growth in length: Epiphyseal plate
• Endochondral ossification location: Long bones, not flat bones or irregular bones.
• Which part of a long bone is responsible for growth in length?: Epiphyseal plate
• Cartilage in intervertebral discs: Fibrocartilage
• Cartilage in auricle: Elastic cartilage
• Type of cartilage in articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage

Additional Notes

• Clinical Scenarios: Use these to practice applying anatomical concepts to real-world situations.
• Definitions: Understand the meanings of key terms.
• Relationships: Recognize the connections between different structures and systems in the body.

Explore the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology in this quiz. From the different branches of anatomy to the planes of the body, assess your understanding of how the human body is structured and functions. Perfect for students in medical and health sciences.