Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

Secretes hormones and enzymes

Protects underlying tissues

Absorbs nutrients

Transports oxygen in the bloodstream (correct)

What characteristic is true of epithelial tissue?

Lacks a basement membrane

Forms sheets with closely packed cells (correct)

Contains a rich supply of blood vessels

Has a slow regeneration rate

Which type of epithelial cell is described as cube-shaped?

Squamous

Columnar

Cuboidal (correct)

Transitional

What type of epithelial tissue appears to have multiple layers but actually consists of a single layer of cells?

Pseudostratified Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is best suited for areas subject to stretching?

Transitional Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by the presence of striations and is controlled involuntarily?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

Contract to produce movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about smooth muscle is true?

It performs peristalsis and has no visible striations. Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue function is associated with blood?

Nourishment Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of skeletal muscle cells?

Striated and multinucleated Signup and view all the answers

Which specialized connective tissue provides elasticity and supports the external ear?

Elastic cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood as a specialized connective tissue?

Transport nutrients and gases Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fibrocartilage is true?

It is highly compressible and forms discs between vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue primarily lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts?

Mucous membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of endocrine glands?

Hormone secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is known for its role in phagocytosis within the body?

Reticuloendothelial system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is best characterized as 'packing tissue' and holds organs in place?

Areolar connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural composition of bone?

Dense outer layer with a spongy inner structure containing osteocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the circulatory and lymphatic systems?

Simple squamous Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by having a poor blood supply?

Dense connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fibers is a type of collagen found in the extracellular matrix?

Reticular fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that lines the great cavities of the body, such as the pleura and pericardium?

Mesothelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of histiocytes within loose connective tissue?

Phagocytosis of debris and microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for insulating the body?

Adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

Where would you most likely find reticular connective tissue?

In lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue type primarily contains chondrocytes?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of dense connective tissue arranged in regular patterns?

It has tightly packed protein fibers and provides strength Signup and view all the answers

What makes hyaline cartilage unique compared to other types of cartilage?

It is the most widespread type of cartilage in the body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following connective tissues is involved in forming fascia?

Dense irregular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a major function of mast cells in loose connective tissue?

Production of heparin and histamine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tissues Overview

Tissues are groups of cells sharing similar structure and function.
Histology is the study of tissues.
Four main tissue types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.

Epithelial Tissue

Functions:
- Protect underlying tissues.
- Absorb nutrients.
- Secrete hormones, mucus, enzymes.
- Excrete waste.
Characteristics:
- Cells fit closely together in sheets.
- Avascular (lack of blood supply).
- High regenerative capacity if well-nourished.
- Anchored by a basement membrane.
Classification by Shape:
- Squamous: Flat cells for protection.
- Cuboidal: Cube-shaped cells for protection and secretion.
- Columnar: Tall and rectangular for secretion and absorption.
Classification by Arrangement:
- Simple: One cell layer.
- Stratified: Multiple layers.
- Pseudostratified: Appears layered but isn't.
- Transitional: Multiple layers of stretchy cells.
Types:
- Mucous membranes line digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts; usually ciliated.
- Exocrine glands discharge secretions via ducts (e.g., sweat, oil glands).
- Endocrine glands are ductless, secreting hormones into blood (e.g., thyroid, adrenal glands).
- Endothelium lines circulatory systems (e.g., endocardium).
- Mesothelium (serous tissue) lines cavities without outside openings (e.g., pleura, pericardium).

Connective Tissue

Composed of cells surrounded by extensive intercellular material.
Found throughout the body, with the most diverse types being loose, dense, and specialized connective tissues.
Characteristics:
- VARIATIONS in blood supply: well-vascularized or avascular.
- Extracellular matrix is comprised of nonliving material surrounding living cells.
Extracellular Matrix Components:
- Ground substance mainly consists of water, adhesion proteins, polysaccharides.
- Fibers include collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
Types:
- Loose Connective Tissue: Fills spaces and holds organs together (e.g., Areolar, Adipose, Reticular).
  - Areolar: Most distributed, holds organs, ability to repair injury.
  - Adipose: Contains fat globules, insulates, protects organs, stores fuel.
  - Reticular: Forms framework for lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen.
- Dense Connective Tissue: Composed of tightly packed protein fibers.
  - Regular: Tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone).
  - Irregular: Muscle sheaths, dermis.
- Specialized Connective Tissue:
  - Cartilage: Flexible support with chondrocytes in lacunae.
    - Types: Hyaline (most widespread), fibrocartilage (compressible), elastic (supports structure).
  - Bone: Consists of compact (dense outer) and cancellous (spongy inner) bone; protects and supports.
  - Blood: Vascular tissue with a fluid matrix (plasma); transports nutrients, wastes, gases.
  - Lymphoid Tissue: Produces antibodies in lymph nodes, thymus, spleen.
  - Reticuloendothelial System: Phagocytic cells like Kupffer's cells in the liver and macrophages.

Muscle Tissue

Function: Contraction to produce movement.
Types include smooth, skeletal, and cardiac.
Smooth Muscle:
- Involuntary, found in hollow organs (e.g., stomach, blood vessels).
- Characterized by no striations, uninucleate, spindle-shaped cells.
Skeletal Muscle:
- Voluntary control, attached to skeleton for movement.
- Features striations, multinucleated, long cylindrical shape.
Cardiac Muscle:
- Involuntary, found only in the heart.
- Functions to pump blood; characterized by striations, short branching cells, intercalated discs connecting cells.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of tissues in Chapter 2 of Anatomy and Physiology. This chapter covers the various types of tissues, including epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue, along with their functions and characteristics. Test your understanding of histology and the role of different tissue types in the body.

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 - Tissues

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