Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 11

Questions and Answers

What is the control and communication system of the body?

Skeletal System

Nervous System (correct)

Endocrine System

Respiratory System

Another major control of the body that works by sending messages via hormones is called the ___ _.

Endocrine System

The master gland of the Endocrine System is the _______ gland.

Pituitary

The Pituitary gland is controlled by the _______ that is a neural structure that is located within the brain.

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the Nervous System?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The Nervous System functions to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside of the body. This describes the _ _ function.

Sensory Input Signup and view all the answers

The Nervous System function that interprets sensory input and decides what should be done describes the _____ function of the Nervous System.

Integration Signup and view all the answers

The Nervous System function that responds by activating effector organs is the _ _ function of the Nervous System.

Motor Output Signup and view all the answers

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which extends from the brain at the foramen magnum through the vertebral canal to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebrae. What is this called?

The CNS or Central Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Name the two divisions of the CNS.

White matter, Gray matter Signup and view all the answers

The deeper regions of the CNS with dense collections of myelinated fibers is called _ _.

White matter Signup and view all the answers

This part of the CNS that is mostly in the cortex and mostly made up of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers is called _.

Gray matter Signup and view all the answers

Formed by nerves that connect the CNS with the peripheral structures is known as the _____ or the Peripheral Nervous System.

PNS Signup and view all the answers

______ nerves carry messages to and from the brain and are located in the PNS.

Cranial Signup and view all the answers

_____ nerves are located in the PNS and carry messages to and from the spinal cord.

Spinal Signup and view all the answers

There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves.

12 Signup and view all the answers

Sensory or _____ neurons transmit impulses toward the CNS.

Afferent Signup and view all the answers

______ or motor neurons carry impulses away from the CNS.

Efferent Signup and view all the answers

What are the two ways muscles and glands respond to nerve stimulation?

Contraction, Secretion Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of a neuron?

Body, Axon, Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

The neuron needs an abundant supply of what two substances to survive?

Oxygen, Glucose Signup and view all the answers

How long can neurons live if supplied with the necessary elements?

A lifetime Signup and view all the answers

How many types of glial cells are found in the CNS?

4 Signup and view all the answers

How many types of glial cells are found in the PNS?

2 Signup and view all the answers

Glial cells are more _____ in number than neurons.

abundant Signup and view all the answers

Name the four types of Neuroglia or Glial cells of the CNS.

Astrocytes, Microglial, Ependymal, Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cells are most abundant in the human brain?

Astrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What do microglial cells do?

Support neurons and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. Signup and view all the answers

Ependymal cells line internal cavities of the CNS and _ and __ cerebrospinal fluid.

secretes, circulates Signup and view all the answers

Which glial cells are instrumental in the formation of myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

Name the two divisions of Neuroglia or Glial cells of the PNS.

Schwann, Satellite Signup and view all the answers

What do Schwann cells do?

Make up the myelin sheath of axons and contribute to neuronal regeneration. Signup and view all the answers

What role do satellite cells play?

Surround cell bodies to prevent information crossover and provide nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Myelin Sheath?

A layer of fatty substance surrounding the axon. Signup and view all the answers

What are the axon and dendrites of a neuron referred to?

Extensions Signup and view all the answers

What are long axons called?

Nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is a nerve impulse?

A brief electrical charge traveling down an axon. Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the axon hillock?

Creates an action potential. Signup and view all the answers

What is propagation by saltation?

Hopping or skipping along myelinated axons along the Nodes of Ranvier. Signup and view all the answers

Gaps in the myelin sheath of peripheral neurons are called ___ _ ___.

Nodes of Ranvier Signup and view all the answers

What autoimmune disease attacks the myelin sheath of the CNS?

Multiple Sclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

The Nervous System is the body’s control and communication system, comprised of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
The Endocrine System regulates body functions by sending hormones through the bloodstream, with the Pituitary Gland acting as the master gland.
The Hypothalamus controls the Pituitary Gland and is located in the brain.

Functions of the Nervous System

Primary functions include Sensory Input, Integration, and Motor Output.
Sensory Input involves monitoring changes within and outside the body.
Integration processes sensory input and determines an appropriate response.
Motor Output activates effector organs (muscles and glands) to respond.

Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, extending to the lumbar vertebrae.
The CNS has two types of matter: White Matter (myelinated fibers) and Gray Matter (nerve cell bodies).
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS forms connections between the CNS and peripheral structures, including sensory and motor nerves.

Nerve Types and Functions

Cranial Nerves are PNS nerves carrying messages to and from the brain; there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
Sensory (Afferent) Nerves carry messages from sensory organs to the brain; Motor (Efferent) Nerves send messages from the CNS to muscles and organs.
Effector responses to nerve stimulation include contraction and secretion.

Nervous System Divisions

The Somatic Nervous System innervates skeletal muscle and is primarily under voluntary control.
The Autonomic Nervous System regulates involuntary functions, further divided into Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest and digest).

Proprioception and Neuroanatomy

Proprioceptors in muscles and joints provide information about body position and movement.
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system, while Neuroglia support and protect neurons.
There are 4 types of Glial cells in the CNS and 2 in the PNS.

Types of Glial Cells

Astrocytes: Support and nourish neurons, forming the blood-brain barrier.
Microglial: Act as immune cells in the CNS, removing debris.
Ependymal: Line ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid.
Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheath around CNS neurons.
Schwann Cells (PNS): Form myelin sheath around peripheral neurons, aiding in regeneration.
Satellite Cells (PNS): Surround cell bodies, providing nutrients and preventing crossover of impulses.

Neuron Structure and Function

Neurons consist of a Body, Axon, and Dendrites; they require abundant oxygen and glucose.
Action Potentials are generated by the movement of ions across the axon membrane, enabling nerve impulses.
The Myelin Sheath insulates axons and speeds up signal transmission.

Nerve Impulse Propagation

Impulses travel as electrical signals down the axon and can jump between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated fibers, a process known as Saltation.
Unmyelinated fibers conduct impulses continuously as waves.

Disease Overview

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune condition affecting the myelin sheath in the CNS, potentially leading to progressive disability.

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Test your knowledge of the nervous and endocrine systems with these flashcards focused on key concepts from Chapter 11 of Anatomy and Physiology. These cards cover essential terms and definitions that are crucial for understanding human body systems.