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Questions and Answers
What is the control and communication system of the body?
What is the control and communication system of the body?
Another major control of the body that works by sending messages via hormones is called the _______ _____.
Another major control of the body that works by sending messages via hormones is called the _______ _____.
Endocrine System
The master gland of the Endocrine System is the _______ gland.
The master gland of the Endocrine System is the _______ gland.
Pituitary
The Pituitary gland is controlled by the _______ that is a neural structure that is located within the brain.
The Pituitary gland is controlled by the _______ that is a neural structure that is located within the brain.
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What are the functions of the Nervous System?
What are the functions of the Nervous System?
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The Nervous System functions to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside of the body. This describes the _____ _____ function.
The Nervous System functions to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside of the body. This describes the _____ _____ function.
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The Nervous System function that interprets sensory input and decides what should be done describes the _____ function of the Nervous System.
The Nervous System function that interprets sensory input and decides what should be done describes the _____ function of the Nervous System.
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The Nervous System function that responds by activating effector organs is the _____ _____ function of the Nervous System.
The Nervous System function that responds by activating effector organs is the _____ _____ function of the Nervous System.
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The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which extends from the brain at the foramen magnum through the vertebral canal to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebrae. What is this called?
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which extends from the brain at the foramen magnum through the vertebral canal to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebrae. What is this called?
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Name the two divisions of the CNS.
Name the two divisions of the CNS.
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The deeper regions of the CNS with dense collections of myelinated fibers is called _____ _____.
The deeper regions of the CNS with dense collections of myelinated fibers is called _____ _____.
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This part of the CNS that is mostly in the cortex and mostly made up of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers is called ____ _____.
This part of the CNS that is mostly in the cortex and mostly made up of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers is called ____ _____.
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Formed by nerves that connect the CNS with the peripheral structures is known as the _____ or the Peripheral Nervous System.
Formed by nerves that connect the CNS with the peripheral structures is known as the _____ or the Peripheral Nervous System.
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______ nerves carry messages to and from the brain and are located in the PNS.
______ nerves carry messages to and from the brain and are located in the PNS.
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_____ nerves are located in the PNS and carry messages to and from the spinal cord.
_____ nerves are located in the PNS and carry messages to and from the spinal cord.
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There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves.
There are ___ pairs of cranial nerves.
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Sensory or _____ neurons transmit impulses toward the CNS.
Sensory or _____ neurons transmit impulses toward the CNS.
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______ or motor neurons carry impulses away from the CNS.
______ or motor neurons carry impulses away from the CNS.
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What are the two ways muscles and glands respond to nerve stimulation?
What are the two ways muscles and glands respond to nerve stimulation?
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What are the three components of a neuron?
What are the three components of a neuron?
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The neuron needs an abundant supply of what two substances to survive?
The neuron needs an abundant supply of what two substances to survive?
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How long can neurons live if supplied with the necessary elements?
How long can neurons live if supplied with the necessary elements?
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How many types of glial cells are found in the CNS?
How many types of glial cells are found in the CNS?
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How many types of glial cells are found in the PNS?
How many types of glial cells are found in the PNS?
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Glial cells are more _____ in number than neurons.
Glial cells are more _____ in number than neurons.
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Name the four types of Neuroglia or Glial cells of the CNS.
Name the four types of Neuroglia or Glial cells of the CNS.
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Which glial cells are most abundant in the human brain?
Which glial cells are most abundant in the human brain?
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What do microglial cells do?
What do microglial cells do?
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Ependymal cells line internal cavities of the CNS and _____ and ______ cerebrospinal fluid.
Ependymal cells line internal cavities of the CNS and _____ and ______ cerebrospinal fluid.
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Which glial cells are instrumental in the formation of myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS?
Which glial cells are instrumental in the formation of myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS?
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Name the two divisions of Neuroglia or Glial cells of the PNS.
Name the two divisions of Neuroglia or Glial cells of the PNS.
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What do Schwann cells do?
What do Schwann cells do?
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What role do satellite cells play?
What role do satellite cells play?
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What is a Myelin Sheath?
What is a Myelin Sheath?
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What are the axon and dendrites of a neuron referred to?
What are the axon and dendrites of a neuron referred to?
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What are long axons called?
What are long axons called?
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What is a nerve impulse?
What is a nerve impulse?
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What happens at the axon hillock?
What happens at the axon hillock?
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What is propagation by saltation?
What is propagation by saltation?
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Gaps in the myelin sheath of peripheral neurons are called _____ _____ _____.
Gaps in the myelin sheath of peripheral neurons are called _____ _____ _____.
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What autoimmune disease attacks the myelin sheath of the CNS?
What autoimmune disease attacks the myelin sheath of the CNS?
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Study Notes
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
- The Nervous System is the body’s control and communication system, comprised of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- The Endocrine System regulates body functions by sending hormones through the bloodstream, with the Pituitary Gland acting as the master gland.
- The Hypothalamus controls the Pituitary Gland and is located in the brain.
Functions of the Nervous System
- Primary functions include Sensory Input, Integration, and Motor Output.
- Sensory Input involves monitoring changes within and outside the body.
- Integration processes sensory input and determines an appropriate response.
- Motor Output activates effector organs (muscles and glands) to respond.
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
- The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, extending to the lumbar vertebrae.
- The CNS has two types of matter: White Matter (myelinated fibers) and Gray Matter (nerve cell bodies).
- The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS forms connections between the CNS and peripheral structures, including sensory and motor nerves.
Nerve Types and Functions
- Cranial Nerves are PNS nerves carrying messages to and from the brain; there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
- Sensory (Afferent) Nerves carry messages from sensory organs to the brain; Motor (Efferent) Nerves send messages from the CNS to muscles and organs.
- Effector responses to nerve stimulation include contraction and secretion.
Nervous System Divisions
- The Somatic Nervous System innervates skeletal muscle and is primarily under voluntary control.
- The Autonomic Nervous System regulates involuntary functions, further divided into Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest and digest).
Proprioception and Neuroanatomy
- Proprioceptors in muscles and joints provide information about body position and movement.
- Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system, while Neuroglia support and protect neurons.
- There are 4 types of Glial cells in the CNS and 2 in the PNS.
Types of Glial Cells
- Astrocytes: Support and nourish neurons, forming the blood-brain barrier.
- Microglial: Act as immune cells in the CNS, removing debris.
- Ependymal: Line ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid.
- Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheath around CNS neurons.
- Schwann Cells (PNS): Form myelin sheath around peripheral neurons, aiding in regeneration.
- Satellite Cells (PNS): Surround cell bodies, providing nutrients and preventing crossover of impulses.
Neuron Structure and Function
- Neurons consist of a Body, Axon, and Dendrites; they require abundant oxygen and glucose.
- Action Potentials are generated by the movement of ions across the axon membrane, enabling nerve impulses.
- The Myelin Sheath insulates axons and speeds up signal transmission.
Nerve Impulse Propagation
- Impulses travel as electrical signals down the axon and can jump between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated fibers, a process known as Saltation.
- Unmyelinated fibers conduct impulses continuously as waves.
Disease Overview
- Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune condition affecting the myelin sheath in the CNS, potentially leading to progressive disability.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the nervous and endocrine systems with these flashcards focused on key concepts from Chapter 11 of Anatomy and Physiology. These cards cover essential terms and definitions that are crucial for understanding human body systems.
