Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is homeostasis?

The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function normally despite changes.

Name some ways the body uses homeostasis.

Positive and negative feedback mechanisms.

What is a positive feedback mechanism?

The response to stimuli does not stop but rather keeps the sequence of events going, requiring an external brake.

What is a negative feedback mechanism?

The body's response to stimuli reverses the stimulus, effectively turning it off for a while. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main body cavities and what is contained in them?

The dorsal cavity (contains the spinal and cranial cavity) and the ventral cavity (contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities). Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the cranial cavity?

Skull and brain (CNS). Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the spinal cavity?

Spinal vertebrae. Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the thoracic cavity?

Heart and lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the abdominal cavity?

Liver, stomach, and intestines. Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the pelvic cavity?

Urinary bladder and reproductive organs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the body?

Standing with legs shoulder width apart, arms down by side with palms forward. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 most popular body planes?

Sagittal plane, frontal plane, and transverse plane. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different kinds of bonding atoms?

Chemical bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, disulfide and hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a chemical bond.

A force or attraction between positive and negative charges that keeps atoms closely together. Signup and view all the answers

Describe an ionic bond.

Involves loss of an electron of one atom and the gaining of an electron on another atom. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a covalent bond.

Covalent bonds share electrons between atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a disulfide bond.

A covalent bond formed between two atoms of sulfur. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a hydrogen bond.

Does not involve the sharing of electrons but results in hydrogen atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of chemical reactions in the body?

Synthesis reactions and decomposition reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is cellular respiration?

Name for energy production within cells involving the respiratory gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for glucose?

C6H12O6. Signup and view all the answers

What is an enzyme and what does it do?

A catalyst that speeds up reactions without the use of external energy or heat. Signup and view all the answers

What is a buffer and what does it do?

A buffer system minimizes changes in pH by reacting with strong acids or strong bases. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hormone and what does it do?

A secretion of an endocrine gland that has effects on target organs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major parts of a cell?

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell membrane made up of and what is its function?

Made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. It protects the cell and acts as a barrier for communication and transport. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell nucleus and what is its function?

Contains a nuclear membrane with nucleoli and chromosomes. It houses DNA and genetic information. Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

A watery solution of minerals, gases, organic molecules, and cell organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the cell organelles and what do they do?

Includes structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, proteasome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, cilia/flagella, and microvilli. Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion and how does it work?

Movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration along the concentration gradient. Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis and how does it work?

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion and how does it work?

Molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration with the help of a carrier enzyme. Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport and how does it work?

Requires ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What is filtration and how does it work?

Requires mechanical pressure to force water and dissolved materials through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is hypotonic?

A solution with lower salt concentration than in the cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is hypertonic?

A solution with a higher salt concentration than in the cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is isotonic?

A solution with the same salt concentration as in cells. Signup and view all the answers

Where is genetic coding found?

In the DNA of chromosomes or our genome, found in the cell nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

A genetic code for protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

Cell division involving one cell with the diploid number of chromosomes dividing into two identical cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis?

A process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes which are egg and sperm cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 types of epithelial tissue?

Simple squamous, stratified squamous, transitional, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 7 types of connective tissue?

Blood, areolar, adipose, fibrous, elastic, bone, and cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 major types of membranes found in the body?

Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of epithelial membranes?

Serous membranes and mucous membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the serous membranes and where are they located?

Serous membranes are in closed body cavities, preventing friction between their layers. Signup and view all the answers

What are the mucous membranes and where are they located?

They line the body tracts open to the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What areas do connective tissue membranes cover?

Meninges that line the cranial and spinal cavities and cover the brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable metabolism and function despite environmental changes.
It utilizes positive and negative feedback mechanisms to regulate internal conditions.

Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback: Responses amplify stimuli and continue a sequence of events, e.g., cervical stretching during childbirth.
Negative feedback: Responses counteract stimuli, reverting conditions to normal ranges.

Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity: Includes spinal cavity (spinal vertebrae) and cranial cavity (skull and brain).
Ventral cavity: Contains thoracic (heart and lungs), abdominal (liver, stomach, intestines), and pelvic cavities (urinary bladder and reproductive organs).

Anatomical Position

Standing upright, legs shoulder-width apart, arms by the side with palms facing forward.

Body Planes

Sagittal plane: Divides the body into left and right sections.
Frontal plane: Divides the body into front and back (coronal).
Transverse plane: Divides the body into upper and lower portions (horizontal).

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds: Attractive forces holding atoms together.
Ionic bonds: Electron transfer between atoms, forming charged ions (e.g., NaCl).
Covalent bonds: Atoms share electrons (e.g., H2O).
Disulfide bonds: Special covalent bonds between sulfur atoms, stabilizing protein structures.
Hydrogen bonds: Weak attractions involving hydrogen atoms, crucial for water's properties.

Chemical Reactions

Synthesis reactions: Form new compounds by bonding atoms (e.g., protein formation).
Decomposition reactions: Break down large molecules into smaller ones (e.g., digestion of starch).

Cellular Processes

Cellular respiration: Process generating energy in cells involving oxygen and glucose (produces ATP, CO2, and water).
Glucose formula: C6H12O6.

Enzymes and Buffers

Enzymes: Catalysts accelerating biochemical reactions without external energy.
Buffers: Chemical systems maintaining pH stability by neutralizing acids and bases.

Hormones

Hormones: Secretions from endocrine glands affecting target organs (e.g., insulin lowers glucose levels).

Cell Structure

Major cell parts: Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
Cell membrane: Phospholipid bilayer protecting the cell and facilitating communication and transport.
Nucleus: Houses DNA and genetic information, contains nucleoli and chromosomes.
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance providing shape and containing organelles.

Cell Organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in material transport within cells.
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis sites, associated with rough ER.
Golgi apparatus: Synthesizes and packages carbohydrates and other materials for secretion.
Mitochondria: Sites of ATP production through respiration.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion of waste.
Centrioles: Assist in cell division by forming spindle fibers.
Cilia and flagella: Projections aiding in movement and material transport.
Microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption.
Cytoskeleton: Framework supporting cell shape and structure.

Transport Mechanisms

Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration (e.g., gas exchange in lungs).
Osmosis: Water diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.
Facilitated diffusion: Molecules pass through membranes with carrier enzymes.
Active transport: Movement against concentration gradient requiring ATP (e.g., sodium pumps).
Filtration: Pressure-driven movement of water and solutes through membranes.

Tonicity

Hypotonic: Solutions with lower solute concentration than cells, causing cells to swell.
Hypertonic: Solutions with higher solute concentration than cells, resulting in cell shrinkage.
Isotonic: Solutions having the same solute concentration as cells.

Genetic Material

Genetic coding found in DNA within chromosomes, located in the nucleus.
Genes: Segments of DNA coding for specific proteins.

Cell Division

Mitosis: Cell division creating two identical diploid cells for growth and repair.
Meiosis: Cell division resulting in gametes (egg and sperm cells).

Epithelial Tissue Types

Six types of epithelial tissues categorized by cell layers and shapes, including simple squamous and stratified squamous, each with specific functions.

Connective Tissue Types

Seven types of connective tissues characterized by structure and function, including blood, adipose, fibrous, elastic, bone, and cartilage, each serving essential bodily roles.

Membrane Types

Two main membranes: Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes.
Epithelial membranes include serous membranes lining closed cavities and mucous membranes lining open body tracts.

Serous and Mucous Membranes

Serous membranes line closed cavities, reducing friction (e.g., thoracic and abdominal cavities).
Mucous membranes line openings to the outside (e.g., respiratory and digestive tracts), keeping surfaces moist.

Connective Tissue Membranes

Connective tissue membranes include meninges, which protect and cover the brain and spinal cord.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of homeostasis and feedback mechanisms in the human body with this quiz. Review key definitions and examples that illustrate how the body maintains stability. Perfect for students studying Anatomy and Physiology.