Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Quiz

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain stable metabolism and function despite environmental changes.
• It utilizes positive and negative feedback mechanisms to regulate internal conditions.

Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive feedback: Responses amplify stimuli and continue a sequence of events, e.g., cervical stretching during childbirth.
• Negative feedback: Responses counteract stimuli, reverting conditions to normal ranges.

Body Cavities

• Dorsal cavity: Includes spinal cavity (spinal vertebrae) and cranial cavity (skull and brain).
• Ventral cavity: Contains thoracic (heart and lungs), abdominal (liver, stomach, intestines), and pelvic cavities (urinary bladder and reproductive organs).

Anatomical Position

• Standing upright, legs shoulder-width apart, arms by the side with palms facing forward.

Body Planes

• Sagittal plane: Divides the body into left and right sections.
• Frontal plane: Divides the body into front and back (coronal).
• Transverse plane: Divides the body into upper and lower portions (horizontal).

Types of Chemical Bonds

• Chemical bonds: Attractive forces holding atoms together.
• Ionic bonds: Electron transfer between atoms, forming charged ions (e.g., NaCl).
• Covalent bonds: Atoms share electrons (e.g., H2O).
• Disulfide bonds: Special covalent bonds between sulfur atoms, stabilizing protein structures.
• Hydrogen bonds: Weak attractions involving hydrogen atoms, crucial for water's properties.

Chemical Reactions

• Synthesis reactions: Form new compounds by bonding atoms (e.g., protein formation).
• Decomposition reactions: Break down large molecules into smaller ones (e.g., digestion of starch).

Cellular Processes

• Cellular respiration: Process generating energy in cells involving oxygen and glucose (produces ATP, CO2, and water).
• Glucose formula: C6H12O6.

Enzymes and Buffers

• Enzymes: Catalysts accelerating biochemical reactions without external energy.
• Buffers: Chemical systems maintaining pH stability by neutralizing acids and bases.

Hormones

• Hormones: Secretions from endocrine glands affecting target organs (e.g., insulin lowers glucose levels).

Cell Structure

• Major cell parts: Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
• Cell membrane: Phospholipid bilayer protecting the cell and facilitating communication and transport.
• Nucleus: Houses DNA and genetic information, contains nucleoli and chromosomes.
• Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance providing shape and containing organelles.

Cell Organelles

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in material transport within cells.
• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis sites, associated with rough ER.
• Golgi apparatus: Synthesizes and packages carbohydrates and other materials for secretion.
• Mitochondria: Sites of ATP production through respiration.
• Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion of waste.
• Centrioles: Assist in cell division by forming spindle fibers.
• Cilia and flagella: Projections aiding in movement and material transport.
• Microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption.
• Cytoskeleton: Framework supporting cell shape and structure.

Transport Mechanisms

• Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration (e.g., gas exchange in lungs).
• Osmosis: Water diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion: Molecules pass through membranes with carrier enzymes.
• Active transport: Movement against concentration gradient requiring ATP (e.g., sodium pumps).
• Filtration: Pressure-driven movement of water and solutes through membranes.

Tonicity

• Hypotonic: Solutions with lower solute concentration than cells, causing cells to swell.
• Hypertonic: Solutions with higher solute concentration than cells, resulting in cell shrinkage.
• Isotonic: Solutions having the same solute concentration as cells.

Genetic Material

• Genetic coding found in DNA within chromosomes, located in the nucleus.
• Genes: Segments of DNA coding for specific proteins.

Cell Division

• Mitosis: Cell division creating two identical diploid cells for growth and repair.
• Meiosis: Cell division resulting in gametes (egg and sperm cells).

Epithelial Tissue Types

• Six types of epithelial tissues categorized by cell layers and shapes, including simple squamous and stratified squamous, each with specific functions.

Connective Tissue Types

• Seven types of connective tissues characterized by structure and function, including blood, adipose, fibrous, elastic, bone, and cartilage, each serving essential bodily roles.

Membrane Types

• Two main membranes: Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes.
• Epithelial membranes include serous membranes lining closed cavities and mucous membranes lining open body tracts.

Serous and Mucous Membranes

• Serous membranes line closed cavities, reducing friction (e.g., thoracic and abdominal cavities).
• Mucous membranes line openings to the outside (e.g., respiratory and digestive tracts), keeping surfaces moist.

Connective Tissue Membranes

• Connective tissue membranes include meninges, which protect and cover the brain and spinal cord.

Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of homeostasis and feedback mechanisms in the human body with this quiz. Review key definitions and examples that illustrate how the body maintains stability. Perfect for students studying Anatomy and Physiology.