Anatomy and Physiology

The cardiovascular system transports nutrients, gases, hormones and removes metabolic wastes. Key components include the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.

The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, primarily taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. Key organs include the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm.

The digestive system breaks down food into absorbable nutrients and eliminates solid waste. Prominent organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.

The nervous system controls and coordinates bodily functions through electrical and chemical signals. It includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

The skeletal system supports the body, protects organs, and facilitates movement. Key components include bones, cartilage, and ligaments.

The muscular system enables movement, maintains posture, and generates heat. It includes skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles.

The endocrine system regulates bodily functions through hormones. It includes glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas.

The urinary system filters waste from the blood and eliminates it as urine. Main organs include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information. It includes skin, hair, and nails.

The lymphatic system returns fluids to the bloodstream and plays a role in immune defense. Key components include lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and the spleen.