Questions and Answers
What is the main focus of physiology?
Which type of anatomy focuses on the study of the external features of the body?
What is the subfield of physiology that studies the brain and nervous system?
Which characteristic of life involves the ability to respond to stimuli?
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What type of plane divides the body or body parts into right and left sections?
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What is the term for the frame of reference used in science and medical fields?
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What direction is referred to as 'away from the head'?
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Which body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?
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What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
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Which direction is 'closer to the midline of the body'?
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What is the name of the cavity that surrounds the heart?
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What is the study of the structure and function of cells?
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What separates the thoracic and abdominal-pelvic cavities?
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What plane divides the body or body parts into superior and inferior parts?
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What is the name of the muscle that contracts during breathing?
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What is the name of the cavity that surrounds the lungs?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy is the study of the human body structure and location of its components.
- Physiology is the study of the human body's function and how its structures work together.
Dogma of Anatomy and Physiology
- Structure dictates function, meaning the structure of an organ or system determines its function.
Types of Anatomy and Physiology
- Systemic anatomy: studies the organization of body systems.
- Regional anatomy: studies the organization of body regions.
- Surface anatomy: studies the surface features of the body.
- Gross anatomy: studies the macroscopic features of the body.
- Microscopic anatomy: studies the microscopic features of the body.
Subfields of Anatomy and Physiology
- Histology: the study of tissue.
- Cytology: the study of cells.
- Neurophysiology: the study of the brain and nervous system.
- Cardiovascular physiology: the study of the heart and blood vessels.
Characteristics of Life
- Composed of one or more cells.
- Ability to metabolize (anabolic and catabolic).
- Ability to excrete waste.
- Ability to grow.
- Ability to respond to stimuli.
- Ability to move.
- Ability to reproduce.
Levels of Structural Organization
- Chemical level.
- Molecular level.
- Cellular level.
- Tissue level.
- Organ level.
- Organ system level.
- Organism level.
Anatomical Position and Directions
- Anatomical position: standing upright, shoulders and feet apart, upper limbs at sides, and palms facing forward.
- Anterior: referring to the front of the body or an organ.
- Posterior: referring to the back of the body or an organ.
- Superior: towards the head.
- Inferior: away from the head, towards the tail.
- Proximal: closer to the point of origin.
- Distal: farther away from the point of origin.
- Medial: closer to the midline of the body.
- Lateral: farther away from the midline of the body.
- Superficial: closer to the surface of the body.
- Deep: farther away from the surface of the body.
Body Regions and Planes
- Main body regions: axial region (head, neck, trunk) and appendicular region (upper and lower limbs).
- Main planes of section: sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal), and oblique planes.
- Sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left sections.
- Midsagittal (median) plane: divides the body into left and right equal parts.
- Parasagittal plane: divides the body into left and right unequal sections.
- Transverse (horizontal) plane: divides the superior and inferior parts of the body in half.
- Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
- Oblique plane: taken at an angle, mainly used when examining structures inside the knee.
Body Cavities
- Dorsal body cavity (cranial and spinal): contains the brain and spinal cord.
- Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominal-pelvic): located on the anterior/front side of the body.
- Thoracic cavity: encloses the thorax area, located above the diaphragm.
- Abdominal-pelvic cavity: surrounds the abdomen and pelvis, located below the diaphragm.
- Pleural cavity: surrounds the lungs, has a left and right portion.
- Mediastinum: cavity within the thoracic cavity.
- Pericardial cavity: cavity within the thoracic cavity that surrounds the heart.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): fluid that helps the brain and spinal cord stay afloat.
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Description
Learn the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology, including the relationship between structure and function, and the different types of anatomy and physiology studies.
