Anatomy and Physiology 2 - Special Senses
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Questions and Answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting touch and pressure?

  • Mechanoreceptors (correct)
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Chemoreceptors

    • Pain receptors are called thermoreceptors.

    False (B)

    What are the names of the receptors involved in proprioception?

    Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles

    The organ of taste is called the ______.

    <p>taste buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve serves the taste buds in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

    <p>Facial nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following taste sensations with their corresponding description:

    <p>Sour = Acidic taste often found in citrus fruits Sweet = Taste often associated with sugars Bitter = Taste that can indicate toxicity Salty = Taste from salts and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thermoreceptors detect ______ and ______.

    <p>heat and cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the four primary taste sensations.

    <p>Sour, sweet, bitter, and salty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are responsible for detecting changes in temperature?

    <p>Thermoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Special senses are widely distributed all over the body, while general senses are localized to specific areas.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the five types of sensory receptors.

    <p>Chemoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Nociceptors, Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sense receptors for smell are known as ________.

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following general senses with their description:

    <p>Touch = Detection of physical contact with the body Pressure = Sensation of force applied to the skin Proprioception = Awareness of body position and movement Pain = Sensation indicating potential or actual tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct pathway of gustation from the stimulus to perception?

    <p>Stimulus - Receptor - CNS - Awareness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nociceptors are responsible for the sensation of touch.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the CNS play in sensory perception?

    <p>The CNS translates impulses into information and interprets them to create awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Chemoreceptors

    Respond to changes in chemical concentrations.

    Mechanoreceptors

    Respond to pressure changes or movements.

    Nociceptors

    Respond to damage to tissue, causing pain.

    Thermoreceptors

    Respond to changes in temperature.

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    Photoreceptors

    Respond to light energy.

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    General Sense

    Senses that are found throughout the body and associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and internal organs.

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    Special Sense

    Senses that are localized in specific areas of the body.

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    Sense Perception

    The ability to perceive and understand stimuli from the environment.

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    Touch and Pressure Receptors

    Mechanoreceptors located in the skin that detect touch and pressure.

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    Proprioception

    The ability to sense the position and movement of body parts without looking.

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    Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs

    Specialized receptors in muscles and tendons that provide information about muscle length and tension.

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    Taste Buds

    Specialized organs on the tongue that contain taste buds.

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    Taste Cells

    The cells within taste buds that contain receptors for different tastes.

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    Cranial Nerves Involved in Taste

    The three cranial nerves involved in transmitting taste information to the brain: facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve.

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    Study Notes

    Anatomy and Physiology 2 - The Special Sense

    • The special senses include taste, smell, hearing, and sight
    • These senses have specialized receptors
    • Sense perception depends on sensory receptors that respond to various stimuli
    • General senses are widely distributed throughout the body, such as pain, touch, pressure, temperature, and proprioception
    • Special senses, like taste, smell, hearing, and sight, have receptors localized in specific areas
    • Receptors have five basic types: chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, and photoreceptors
    • Sensory perception involves a stimulus, receptor detection, creation of action potential, conduction to the central nervous system (CNS), translation of the impulse into information, and interpretation in the CNS, culminating in awareness or perception of the stimulus.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Students should be able to distinguish between general senses and special senses
    • Students should be able to classify five groups of sense receptors
    • Students should be able to briefly describe the anatomy of taste buds and locate the four different taste sensations
    • Students should be able to describe the pathway of gustation (taste) from stimulus to cerebral cortex
    • Students should be able to locate the sense receptors for smell and trace the pathway to the cerebral cortex

    Receptors and Sensation

    • There are five types of receptors: chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, and photoreceptors
    • Perceived sensation occurs only after impulses are interpreted by the brain

    Receptors and Sensation (continued)

    • Steps involved in sensory perception: A stimulus must exist, a receptor must detect the stimulus, create an action potential, the action potential is conducted to the CNS, the impulse is translated into information within the CNS, and the information is interpreted in the CNS into an awareness or perception of the stimulus.

    Type of Sense Receptors

    Receptors Stimulus Example
    Chemoreceptors Changes in chemical concentration of substance Taste & smell
    Mechanoreceptors Changes in pressure or movement in fluids Proprioceptors in joint, receptors for hearing & equilibrium
    Nociceptors Tissue damage Pain receptors
    Thermoreceptors Changes in temperature Heat & cold
    Photoreceptors Light energy Vision

    General Senses

    • General senses, or somatic senses, are throughout the body
    • Associated with visceral organs, skin, muscles, and joints
    • Includes touch, pressure, proprioception, temperature, and pain

    Touch and Pressure

    • Receptors for touch and pressure are mechanoreceptors
    • Widely distributed in the skin
    • Receptors involved in touch and pressure include free nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles

    Proprioception

    • Proprioception is the sense of position or orientation
    • Allows us to sense the location and rate of movement of one body part to another
    • Receptors are mechanoreceptors, including Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles

    Temperature

    • Temperature changes are detected by thermoreceptors, which are free nerve endings
    • Thermoreceptors are located immediately under the skin
    • Sensitive to heat and cold
    • Extreme temperatures also stimulate pain receptors

    Pain

    • Receptors for pain are called nociceptors
    • Nociceptors are free nerve endings stimulated by tissue damage

    Gustatory Sense

    • The organ of taste is taste buds, located on the wall of papillae on the tongue
    • Taste receptors are chemoreceptors located in taste buds
    • Sensitive to chemicals in the food we eat

    Gustatory Sense (continued)

    • Taste buds contain taste cells and supporting cells
    • Taste hairs on the taste cells act as receptors
    • Four taste sensations are sour, sweet, bitter, and salty

    The Physiology of Gustation

    • Three cranial nerves are involved in gustation:
      • Facial (VII) nerve serves taste buds in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
      • Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve serves taste buds in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
      • Vagus (X) nerve serves taste buds in the throat and epiglottis
    • When microvilli (taste hairs) are stimulated by chemicals in food (dissolved in saliva), an impulse is triggered on a nearby nerve fiber
    • Impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue travel along the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), and those from the posterior 1/3 travel along the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) to the medulla oblongata.
    • From the medulla oblongata, impulses travel to the thalamus, then to the sensory cortex in the parietal lobe of the brain.

    The Sense of Smell

    • The sense of smell is called olfaction
    • Receptors for smell are chemoreceptors located in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity
    • Airborne molecules responsible for odors dissolve in liquid on the surface of olfactory epithelium and bind to receptors, triggering impulses

    Physiology of Olfactory Sense

    • Olfactory receptors are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in liquid
    • Airborne molecules responsible for odors dissolve in liquid on the surface of olfactory epithelium and bind to receptors, triggering impulses
    • Impulses travel along the olfactory tracts to the olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe

    Physiology of Olfactory Sense (continued)

    • Olfactory neurons enter the olfactory bulb
    • Impulses transmitted along the olfactory tracts to the olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe
    • Sense of smell and taste are closely related and complement each other

    The Olfaction Pathway

    • Olfactory receptors are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in liquid
    • Impulses are transferred, via the olfactory tract to the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex in the temporal lobe

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    6.3 Sense of Smell and Taste PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the special senses, including taste, smell, hearing, and sight, along with their specialized receptors. It also distinguishes between general senses and special senses while exploring the types of receptors involved in sensory perception. Master the concepts of how sensory stimuli are detected and processed in the central nervous system.

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