Anatomy and Abdominal Organs Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the average length of the large intestine?

3 m

1.5 m (correct)

2 m

1 m

Where does the distal ileum open into the large intestine?

Anterior aspect at the junction of the caecum and ascending colon

Posterior aspect at the junction of the sigmoid colon and descending colon

Medial and posterior aspect at the junction of the sigmoid colon and descending colon

Medial and posterior aspect at the junction of the caecum and ascending colon (correct)

Where is the appendix located in relation to the terminal ileum?

Superior to its insertion

Posterior to its insertion

Anterior to its insertion

Inferior to its insertion (correct)

How is the appendix supplied with blood?

Appendicular artery from the ileocolic artery Signup and view all the answers

What is a radiological feature of an inflamed appendix on ultrasound?

Blind-ended tube arising from posterior aspect of caecum without peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What are taeniae coli?

Flattened bands of longitudinal muscle representing incomplete longitudinal muscle layer of colon Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles lie superficial to the ribs and intercostal muscles in the upper abdomen?

Serratus anterior muscles laterally and the latissimus dorsi posterior-laterally Signup and view all the answers

Where can the domes of the diaphragm be distinguished from the liver and other intra-abdominal viscera?

Where they are separated by fat Signup and view all the answers

What forms linear structures extending from the posterior aspect of the liver and spleen to the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta?

The crura with the adjoining diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What structures are contained in the retrocrural space formed by the crura and adjoining diaphragm?

Azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, thoracic duct, lymph nodes, and fat Signup and view all the answers

Where does the IVC remain in relation to the crura below T8 level?

Lateral to the crura Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament defines the inferior limit of the greater sciatic foramen?

Sacrospinous ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is the largest, most superficial, and most posterior gluteal muscle?

Gluteus maximus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is the principal support of the pelvic floor?

Levator ani Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament runs from the ischial tuberosity to the sides of the sacrum and coccyx?

Sacrotuberous ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle passes obliquely from the anterior aspect of the sacrum exiting the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

At which level can the portal veins and branches of the hepatic artery and bile ducts be seen?

Porta hepatis level Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is posterior to the fissure for the ligamentum venosum?

Segments IVa and IVb Signup and view all the answers

Where does the spleen lie in relation to the diaphragm and ribs?

Posteriorly on the left side Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the morphological right and left lobes of the liver at the porta hepatis level?

Falciform ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels may be confused with an adrenal abnormality?

Splenic vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the large intestine runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver?

Ascending colon Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the caecum?

6 cm Signup and view all the answers

Where does the abdominal aorta divide into the right and left common iliac arteries?

L4 vertebral level Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the coccyx?

Three fused vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

Where does the inferior vena cava (IVC) pass on the right of the aorta?

T12 level Signup and view all the answers

What are haustra along the colon caused by?

Presence of taeniae coli Signup and view all the answers

Where is the spleen located?

Between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What is the color of a healthy spleen?

Reddish purple Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the spleen is smooth and convex?

Diaphragmatic surface Signup and view all the answers

Where does the posterior end of the spleen rest?

On the upper pole of the left kidney Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest and most concave impression on the spleen?

The gastric impression for the fundus of the stomach Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hilum located in relation to the gastric impression?

Inferomedially Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spleen?

Immune responses and phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Where does the right adrenal gland lie in relation to the diaphragmatic crus?

Lateral Signup and view all the answers

From which vessel does the left adrenal vein drain?

Left renal vein Signup and view all the answers

At what level are the adrenal glands visible on plain films of the abdomen?

At the level of the upper pole of the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What is a radiological feature that allows identification of the right adrenal gland on a CT scan?

Posterior to the IVC and more laterally between the liver and diaphragmatic crura Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of adrenal cortical tissue called cortical bodies?

They may migrate to other organs such as broad ligament of uterus, spermatic cord, and epididymis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate number of nephrons in the kidney?

1 million nephrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the renal parenchyma calyces?

Both simple and compound calyces Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hilum of the left kidney located in relation to the vertebrae?

$L1$ vertebral level Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of minor calyces are usually found in each kidney?

Seven pairs Signup and view all the answers

What structures drain via their infundibula to the pelvis?

Major calyces Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional subunit of the kidney called?

Nephron Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels drain directly to the inferior vena cava?

Renal veins Signup and view all the answers

What forms linear structures extending from the posterior aspect of the liver and spleen to the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta?

Para-aortic nodes Signup and view all the answers

What structures are part of the retroperitoneum?

Perirenal fat, true fibrous capsule, and kidneys Signup and view all the answers

How are the adrenal glands visualized on MRI?

They are iso or slightly hypointense compared to liver on both T1- and T2-weighted images Signup and view all the answers

Where can the adrenal glands be seen in thin individuals using ultrasound?

Between the kidney and liver on the right and between the kidney and pancreatic tail on the left Signup and view all the answers

Where do the kidneys lie within the body?

Retroperitoneally in the paravertebral gutters of the posterior abdominal wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the average length of the kidneys?

$10-15$ cm Signup and view all the answers

How are the adrenal glands visualized on CT?

Option A Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hilum of the spleen located?

Inferomedially on the gastric impression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spleen?

Immune responses and phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Retroperitoneal above each kidney Signup and view all the answers

What shapes do the left and right adrenal glands respectively have?

Triangular or Y-shaped; linear or V-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What arteries supply each adrenal gland?

Superior adrenal artery, middle adrenal artery, and inferior adrenal artery Signup and view all the answers

Where can the adrenal glands be seen on a modern CT scan?

Right adrenal gland posterior to the IVC; left adrenal gland higher and more laterally anterior to the kidney Signup and view all the answers

At what level are small masses of adrenal cortical tissue called cortical bodies found?

Near the adrenal glands and can migrate to other organs such as broad ligament of uterus, spermatic cord, epididymis Signup and view all the answers

How are the adrenal glands visualized on MRI?

They are iso or slightly hypointense compared to liver on both T1- and T2-weighted images Signup and view all the answers

Where can the adrenal glands be seen in thin individuals using ultrasound?

Between the kidney and liver on the right and between the kidney and pancreatic tail on the left Signup and view all the answers

Where do the kidneys lie within the body?

Retroperitoneally in the paravertebral gutters of the posterior abdominal wall Signup and view all the answers

What is a radiological feature of an inflamed appendix on ultrasound?

Non-compressible, blind-ending tubular structure with increased blood flow Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of adrenal cortical tissue called cortical bodies?

They lose signal on fat suppression or fat subtraction techniques, depending on cholesterol content Signup and view all the answers

What is a radiological feature that allows identification of the right adrenal gland on a CT scan?

The presence of a right adrenal vein draining into the inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

What structures drain via their infundibula to the pelvis?

Renal calyces Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional subunit of the kidney called?

Nephron Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of minor calyces are usually found in each kidney?

Seven Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hilum of the left kidney located in relation to the vertebrae?

$L1$ vertebral level Signup and view all the answers

What forms linear structures extending from the posterior aspect of the liver and spleen to the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta?

Calyces Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate number of nephrons in the kidney?

$1$ million Signup and view all the answers

What is drained by the renal veins?

Directly to the inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation of the kidneys to the vertebrae?

The left kidney's hilum is located at $L1$ vertebral level and the right kidney's hilum is slightly lower at $L1/L2$ level. Signup and view all the answers

What structures drain via their infundibula to the pelvis?

Calyces Signup and view all the answers

What structures are contained in the retroperitoneum?

Fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, and renal sinus Signup and view all the answers

Where is the spleen located?

Left hypochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the color of a healthy spleen?

Reddish purple Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the spleen is smooth and convex?

Diaphragmatic surface Signup and view all the answers

Where does the posterior end of the spleen rest?

On the upper pole of the left kidney Signup and view all the answers

Which impression on the spleen is for the fundus of the stomach?

Gastric impression Signup and view all the answers

Which border of the spleen is notched by the anterior end?

Superior border Signup and view all the answers

What divides the left and right lobes of the liver?

Falciform ligament Signup and view all the answers

What divides the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments?

Right hepatic vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic structural unit of the liver?

Lobule Signup and view all the answers

How is blood supplied to the liver?

Portal vein and proper hepatic artery Signup and view all the answers

What divides the liver into right and left lobes?

Umbilical plane Signup and view all the answers

What is the smaller lobe of the liver?

Quadrate lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of a liver lobule?

Hexagonal Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects the liver to the abdominal wall?

Falciform ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is segment IV of the liver formed by?

Medial part of left lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is formed by segment II and III of the liver?

Lateral part of left lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hepatic portal system?

Transport nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver Signup and view all the answers

Where is bile stored before being released into the small intestine?

Gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pancreas's exocrine component?

Produce enzymes important to digestion Signup and view all the answers

What does a plain abdominal radiograph, such as an AP supine abdomen, aim to rule out?

Certain pathologies Signup and view all the answers

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply blood to?

Small intestine and part of the large intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the common hepatic artery?

Supply oxygenated blood to hepatic tissues Signup and view all the answers

Where is adrenal cortical tissue called cortical bodies found?

Within the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What structures does the porta hepatis level define?

Morphological right and left lobes of liver Signup and view all the answers

What do taeniae coli cause along the colon?

Haustra formation Signup and view all the answers

What do acute abdominal series aim to demonstrate?

Free air within abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

Where are the psoas major muscles located?

On either side of the lumbar vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is an expandable reservoir for food and fluids within the abdominal cavity?

Stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is the first organ of digestion within the abdominal cavity?

Stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the small intestine?

Approximately 5 meters Signup and view all the answers

Which organ follows the stomach in the digestive process within the abdominal cavity?

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the final organ of digestion within the abdominal cavity?

Large intestine Signup and view all the answers

Where are the diaphragm and psoas major muscles located in relation to each other?

Diaphragm between abdominal and thoracic cavities, psoas major muscles on either side of lumbar vertebral column. Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are included in the digestive system within the abdominal cavity?

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The taeniae coli, a longitudinal muscle layer, cause the formation of sacculations called haustra along the colon.
The caecum is a blind pouch of large bowel, approximately 6 cm long, with its own mesentery, making it mobile and easily distensible.
The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver, where it turns medially into the hepatic flexure.
The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure.
The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.
The abdominal aorta is a major blood vessel that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and lies anterior to L1-L4 vertebral bodies.
The abdominal aorta divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level and is approximately 12 cm long.
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is formed by the union of the right and left common iliac veins at L5 vertebral level and passes on the right of the aorta as far as T12 level.
The pelvis is a bony ring consisting of paired innominate bones, the sacrum, and coccyx.
The ilium is a curved bone that bears the iliac crest superiorly and has an arcuate line at its base.
The sacrum is a triangular bone consisting of five fused vertebrae with four pairs of sacral foramina, lateral masses, and a midline opening called the sacral hiatus.
The coccyx is composed of three to five fused vertebrae and articulates at an acute angle with the sacrum.
The sacroiliac joints are covered with cartilage, lined with synovium, and supported by ligaments.
The inferior vena cava receives tributaries from the third and fourth lumbar veins, right gonadal vein, right renal vein, right adrenal vein, small veins from the liver, and the right and middle hepatic veins.
The pelvis is a bony ring consisting of paired innominate bones, the sacrum, and coccyx, with the ilium forming the superior and anterior part of each innominate bone.
The ilium bears the iliac crest superiorly, with anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, and an arcuate line at its base.
The sacrum is a triangular bone consisting of five fused vertebrae, with four pairs of sacral foramina, lateral masses, and a midline opening called the sacral hiatus.
The coccyx is a bone composed of three to five fused vertebrae with an acute angle of articulation with the sacrum.
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a major blood vessel that receives tributaries from the third and fourth lumbar veins, right gonadal vein, right renal vein, right adrenal vein, small veins from the liver, and the right and middle hepatic veins.
The abdominal aorta is a major blood vessel that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and lies anterior to L1-L4 vertebral bodies. It divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level.
The caecum is a blind pouch of large bowel, approximately 6 cm long, with its own mesentery, making it mobile and easily distensible. It is located proximally (inferiorly) to the ileocaecal valve.
The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure.
The transverse colon runs across the midline from the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure.
The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.
The abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are major blood vessels in the abdomen.
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that receives tributaries from various organs and structures in the abdomen and pelvis and passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium.
The caecum is the first part of the large intestine, located proximally to the ileocaecal valve.
The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure.
The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure.
The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.
The abdominal aorta is a large artery that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level.
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that receives tributaries from various organs and structures in the abdomen and pelvis and passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium.
The caecum is a blind pouch of the large intestine, approximately 6 cm long, located proximally to the ileocaecal valve.
The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure.
The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure.
The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that receives tributaries from various organs and structures in the abdomen and pelvis and passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium.
The abdominal aorta is a large artery that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level.
The caecum is a blind pouch of the large intestine that is approximately 6 cm long and located proximally to the ileocaecal valve.
The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure.
The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure.
The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium. It receives tributaries from various organs and structures in the abdomen and pelvis.
The abdominal aorta is a large artery that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level.
The caecum is a blind pouch of the large intestine, approximately 6 cm long, located proximally to the ileocaecal valve. It is approximately 6 cm long and has its own mesentery.
The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure. It is approximately 55 cm long.
The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure. It is approximately 55 cm long.
The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon. It is approximately 100 cm long.
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium. It has no valves except for an incomplete semilunar valve at its entry.
The abdominal aorta is a large artery that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level. It has several branches, including the coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, and several paired visceral arteries.
The inferior vena cava (IV
Kidneys are approximately the size of three-and-a-half lumbar vertebrae and their associated discs on a radiograph
Each kidney consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, separated by columns of Bertin (extensions of the cortex)
There are usually seven pairs of minor calyces in each kidney, each pair having an anterior and a posterior calyx
Minor calyx pairs combine to form two or three major calyces, which drain via their infundibula to the pelvis
The pelvis may be intrarenal or partially or entirely extrarenal, and is filled with fat, forming the renal sinus
The functional subunit of the kidney is called the nephron, which consists of a glomerulus in the cortex and a tubule in the medulla
The kidney has approximately 1 million nephrons
The kidneys have various relations with surrounding organs, including: posteriorly (diaphragm, ribs, and muscles), superiorly (adrenal glands), and anteriorly (liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and intestines)
The kidneys are supplied by the renal arteries, which have two divisions: one posterior and one anterior, and interlobar arteries that pass between the pyramids
The kidneys are drained by the renal veins, which drain directly to the inferior vena cava, and lymphatic drainage follows the arteries to para-aortic nodes
The kidneys are surrounded by a true fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, and are part of the retroperitoneum, which is divided into three compartments: perirenal, anterior pararenal, and posterior pararenal spaces
The renal parenchyma contains three types of calyces: simple (one papilla) and compound (more than one papilla), with compound calyces being less efficient in preventing intrarenal reflux and more common in the upper pole.

Additionally:

The hilum of the kidney is where the renal artery and vein enter and exit, and the left kidney's hilum is located slightly lower than the right due to the presence of the liver above
The relation of the kidneys to the vertebrae is that the left kidney's hilum is located at the L1 vertebral level and the right kidney's hilum is slightly lower at L1/L2 level
The kidney's vascular anatomy includes the renal arteries and veins and their branches, as well as the extensive anastomosis between the veins
The intravenous urogram (IVU) shows the various structures of the kidney, including major and minor calyces, and the course of the ureters.
Kidneys are approximately the size of three-and-a-half lumbar vertebrae and their associated discs on a radiograph
Each kidney consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, separated by columns of Bertin (extensions of the cortex)
There are usually seven pairs of minor calyces in each kidney, each pair having an anterior and a posterior calyx
Minor calyx pairs combine to form two or three major calyces, which drain via their infundibula to the pelvis
The pelvis may be intrarenal or partially or entirely extrarenal, and is filled with fat, forming the renal sinus
The functional subunit of the kidney is called the nephron, which consists of a glomerulus in the cortex and a tubule in the medulla
The kidney has approximately 1 million nephrons
The kidneys have various relations with surrounding organs, including: posteriorly (diaphragm, ribs, and muscles), superiorly (adrenal glands), and anteriorly (liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and intestines)
The kidneys are supplied by the renal arteries, which have two divisions: one posterior and one anterior, and interlobar arteries that pass between the pyramids
The kidneys are drained by the renal veins, which drain directly to the inferior vena cava, and lymphatic drainage follows the arteries to para-aortic nodes
The kidneys are surrounded by a true fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, and are part of the retroperitoneum, which is divided into three compartments: perirenal, anterior pararenal, and posterior pararenal spaces
The renal parenchyma contains three types of calyces: simple (one papilla) and compound (more than one papilla), with compound calyces being less efficient in preventing intrarenal reflux and more common in the upper pole.

Additionally:

The hilum of the kidney is where the renal artery and vein enter and exit, and the left kidney's hilum is located slightly lower than the right due to the presence of the liver above
The relation of the kidneys to the vertebrae is that the left kidney's hilum is located at the L1 vertebral level and the right kidney's hilum is slightly lower at L1/L2 level
The kidney's vascular anatomy includes the renal arteries and veins and their branches, as well as the extensive anastomosis between the veins
The intravenous urogram (IVU) shows the various structures of the kidney, including major and minor calyces, and the course of the ureters.
The diaphragm, located between the abdominal and thoracic cavities, must be motionless during abdominal radiography.
Patients are instructed to breathe appropriately to prevent diaphragm movement.
The psoas major muscles are located on either side of the lumbar vertebral column and should be faintly visible on diagnostic abdominal radiographs.
The abdominopelvic cavity contains several organ systems, with the digestive system being the most extensive.
The digestive system includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
The digestive organs within the abdominal cavity are the stomach and small and large intestines.
The stomach is an expandable reservoir for food and fluids and is the first organ of digestion within the abdominal cavity.
The small intestine follows the stomach and is a long, tube-like structure that continues for approximately 5 meters. It is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
The large intestine is the final organ of digestion, beginning at the ileocecal valve and continuing through the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
The large intestine's shape and location vary depending on body habitus.
The small and large intestines have a complex blood supply and venous drainage system.

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Test your knowledge of abdominal anatomy with a focus on the psoas muscle, duodenum, colon, and jejunum. Identify the location and relationships of these structures within the abdominal cavity.

Anatomy and Abdominal Organs Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the average length of the large intestine?

Where does the distal ileum open into the large intestine?

Where is the appendix located in relation to the terminal ileum?

How is the appendix supplied with blood?

What is a radiological feature of an inflamed appendix on ultrasound?

What are taeniae coli?

Which muscles lie superficial to the ribs and intercostal muscles in the upper abdomen?

Where can the domes of the diaphragm be distinguished from the liver and other intra-abdominal viscera?

What forms linear structures extending from the posterior aspect of the liver and spleen to the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta?

What structures are contained in the retrocrural space formed by the crura and adjoining diaphragm?

Where does the IVC remain in relation to the crura below T8 level?

Which ligament defines the inferior limit of the greater sciatic foramen?

Which muscle is the largest, most superficial, and most posterior gluteal muscle?

Which muscle is the principal support of the pelvic floor?

Which ligament runs from the ischial tuberosity to the sides of the sacrum and coccyx?

Which muscle passes obliquely from the anterior aspect of the sacrum exiting the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen?

At which level can the portal veins and branches of the hepatic artery and bile ducts be seen?

Which structure is posterior to the fissure for the ligamentum venosum?

Where does the spleen lie in relation to the diaphragm and ribs?

Which structure separates the morphological right and left lobes of the liver at the porta hepatis level?

Which vessels may be confused with an adrenal abnormality?

Which part of the large intestine runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver?

What is the approximate length of the caecum?

Where does the abdominal aorta divide into the right and left common iliac arteries?

What is the composition of the coccyx?

Where does the inferior vena cava (IVC) pass on the right of the aorta?

What are haustra along the colon caused by?

Where is the spleen located?

What is the color of a healthy spleen?

Which surface of the spleen is smooth and convex?

Where does the posterior end of the spleen rest?

What is the largest and most concave impression on the spleen?

Where is the hilum located in relation to the gastric impression?

What is the primary function of the spleen?

Where does the right adrenal gland lie in relation to the diaphragmatic crus?

From which vessel does the left adrenal vein drain?

At what level are the adrenal glands visible on plain films of the abdomen?

What is a radiological feature that allows identification of the right adrenal gland on a CT scan?

What is a feature of adrenal cortical tissue called cortical bodies?

What is the approximate number of nephrons in the kidney?

What is the composition of the renal parenchyma calyces?

Where is the hilum of the left kidney located in relation to the vertebrae?

How many pairs of minor calyces are usually found in each kidney?

What structures drain via their infundibula to the pelvis?

What is the functional subunit of the kidney called?

Which vessels drain directly to the inferior vena cava?

What forms linear structures extending from the posterior aspect of the liver and spleen to the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta?

What structures are part of the retroperitoneum?

How are the adrenal glands visualized on MRI?

Where can the adrenal glands be seen in thin individuals using ultrasound?

Where do the kidneys lie within the body?

What is the average length of the kidneys?

How are the adrenal glands visualized on CT?

Where is the hilum of the spleen located?

What is the primary function of the spleen?

Where are the adrenal glands located?

What shapes do the left and right adrenal glands respectively have?

What arteries supply each adrenal gland?

Where can the adrenal glands be seen on a modern CT scan?

At what level are small masses of adrenal cortical tissue called cortical bodies found?

How are the adrenal glands visualized on MRI?

Where can the adrenal glands be seen in thin individuals using ultrasound?

Where do the kidneys lie within the body?

What is a radiological feature of an inflamed appendix on ultrasound?

What is a feature of adrenal cortical tissue called cortical bodies?

What is a radiological feature that allows identification of the right adrenal gland on a CT scan?

What structures drain via their infundibula to the pelvis?

What is the functional subunit of the kidney called?

How many pairs of minor calyces are usually found in each kidney?

Where is the hilum of the left kidney located in relation to the vertebrae?

What forms linear structures extending from the posterior aspect of the liver and spleen to the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta?

What is the approximate number of nephrons in the kidney?

What is drained by the renal veins?

What is the relation of the kidneys to the vertebrae?

What structures drain via their infundibula to the pelvis?

What structures are contained in the retroperitoneum?