Anatomy and Abdominal Organs Quiz

• The taeniae coli, a longitudinal muscle layer, cause the formation of sacculations called haustra along the colon.

• The caecum is a blind pouch of large bowel, approximately 6 cm long, with its own mesentery, making it mobile and easily distensible.

• The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver, where it turns medially into the hepatic flexure.

• The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure.

• The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.

• The abdominal aorta is a major blood vessel that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and lies anterior to L1-L4 vertebral bodies.

• The abdominal aorta divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level and is approximately 12 cm long.

• The inferior vena cava (IVC) is formed by the union of the right and left common iliac veins at L5 vertebral level and passes on the right of the aorta as far as T12 level.

• The pelvis is a bony ring consisting of paired innominate bones, the sacrum, and coccyx.

• The ilium is a curved bone that bears the iliac crest superiorly and has an arcuate line at its base.

• The sacrum is a triangular bone consisting of five fused vertebrae with four pairs of sacral foramina, lateral masses, and a midline opening called the sacral hiatus.

• The coccyx is composed of three to five fused vertebrae and articulates at an acute angle with the sacrum.

• The sacroiliac joints are covered with cartilage, lined with synovium, and supported by ligaments.

• The inferior vena cava receives tributaries from the third and fourth lumbar veins, right gonadal vein, right renal vein, right adrenal vein, small veins from the liver, and the right and middle hepatic veins.

• The pelvis is a bony ring consisting of paired innominate bones, the sacrum, and coccyx, with the ilium forming the superior and anterior part of each innominate bone.

• The ilium bears the iliac crest superiorly, with anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, and an arcuate line at its base.

• The sacrum is a triangular bone consisting of five fused vertebrae, with four pairs of sacral foramina, lateral masses, and a midline opening called the sacral hiatus.

• The coccyx is a bone composed of three to five fused vertebrae with an acute angle of articulation with the sacrum.

• The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a major blood vessel that receives tributaries from the third and fourth lumbar veins, right gonadal vein, right renal vein, right adrenal vein, small veins from the liver, and the right and middle hepatic veins.

• The abdominal aorta is a major blood vessel that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and lies anterior to L1-L4 vertebral bodies. It divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level.

• The caecum is a blind pouch of large bowel, approximately 6 cm long, with its own mesentery, making it mobile and easily distensible. It is located proximally (inferiorly) to the ileocaecal valve.

• The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure.

• The transverse colon runs across the midline from the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure.

• The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.

• The abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are major blood vessels in the abdomen.

• The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that receives tributaries from various organs and structures in the abdomen and pelvis and passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium.

• The caecum is the first part of the large intestine, located proximally to the ileocaecal valve.

• The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure.

• The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure.

• The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.

• The abdominal aorta is a large artery that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level.

• The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that receives tributaries from various organs and structures in the abdomen and pelvis and passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium.

• The caecum is a blind pouch of the large intestine, approximately 6 cm long, located proximally to the ileocaecal valve.

• The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure.

• The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure.

• The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.

• The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that receives tributaries from various organs and structures in the abdomen and pelvis and passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium.

• The abdominal aorta is a large artery that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level.

• The caecum is a blind pouch of the large intestine that is approximately 6 cm long and located proximally to the ileocaecal valve.

• The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure.

• The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure.

• The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon.

• The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium. It receives tributaries from various organs and structures in the abdomen and pelvis.

• The abdominal aorta is a large artery that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level.

• The caecum is a blind pouch of the large intestine, approximately 6 cm long, located proximally to the ileocaecal valve. It is approximately 6 cm long and has its own mesentery.

• The ascending colon runs from the ileocaecal valve to the inferior surface of the liver and turns medially into the hepatic flexure. It is approximately 55 cm long.

• The transverse colon runs from the hepatic flexure across the midline to the splenic flexure. It is approximately 55 cm long.

• The descending colon runs from the splenic flexure inferiorly to the sigmoid colon. It is approximately 100 cm long.

• The inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein that passes through the pericardium and enters the right atrium. It has no valves except for an incomplete semilunar valve at its entry.

• The abdominal aorta is a large artery that enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus and divides into the right and left common iliac arteries at L4 vertebral level. It has several branches, including the coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, and several paired visceral arteries.

• The inferior vena cava (IV

• Kidneys are approximately the size of three-and-a-half lumbar vertebrae and their associated discs on a radiograph

• Each kidney consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, separated by columns of Bertin (extensions of the cortex)

• There are usually seven pairs of minor calyces in each kidney, each pair having an anterior and a posterior calyx

• Minor calyx pairs combine to form two or three major calyces, which drain via their infundibula to the pelvis

• The pelvis may be intrarenal or partially or entirely extrarenal, and is filled with fat, forming the renal sinus

• The functional subunit of the kidney is called the nephron, which consists of a glomerulus in the cortex and a tubule in the medulla

• The kidney has approximately 1 million nephrons

• The kidneys have various relations with surrounding organs, including: posteriorly (diaphragm, ribs, and muscles), superiorly (adrenal glands), and anteriorly (liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and intestines)

• The kidneys are supplied by the renal arteries, which have two divisions: one posterior and one anterior, and interlobar arteries that pass between the pyramids

• The kidneys are drained by the renal veins, which drain directly to the inferior vena cava, and lymphatic drainage follows the arteries to para-aortic nodes

• The kidneys are surrounded by a true fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, and are part of the retroperitoneum, which is divided into three compartments: perirenal, anterior pararenal, and posterior pararenal spaces

• The renal parenchyma contains three types of calyces: simple (one papilla) and compound (more than one papilla), with compound calyces being less efficient in preventing intrarenal reflux and more common in the upper pole.

Additionally:

• The hilum of the kidney is where the renal artery and vein enter and exit, and the left kidney's hilum is located slightly lower than the right due to the presence of the liver above

• The relation of the kidneys to the vertebrae is that the left kidney's hilum is located at the L1 vertebral level and the right kidney's hilum is slightly lower at L1/L2 level

• The kidney's vascular anatomy includes the renal arteries and veins and their branches, as well as the extensive anastomosis between the veins

• The intravenous urogram (IVU) shows the various structures of the kidney, including major and minor calyces, and the course of the ureters.

• Kidneys are approximately the size of three-and-a-half lumbar vertebrae and their associated discs on a radiograph

• Each kidney consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, separated by columns of Bertin (extensions of the cortex)

• There are usually seven pairs of minor calyces in each kidney, each pair having an anterior and a posterior calyx

• Minor calyx pairs combine to form two or three major calyces, which drain via their infundibula to the pelvis

• The pelvis may be intrarenal or partially or entirely extrarenal, and is filled with fat, forming the renal sinus

• The functional subunit of the kidney is called the nephron, which consists of a glomerulus in the cortex and a tubule in the medulla

• The kidney has approximately 1 million nephrons

• The kidneys have various relations with surrounding organs, including: posteriorly (diaphragm, ribs, and muscles), superiorly (adrenal glands), and anteriorly (liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and intestines)

• The kidneys are supplied by the renal arteries, which have two divisions: one posterior and one anterior, and interlobar arteries that pass between the pyramids

• The kidneys are drained by the renal veins, which drain directly to the inferior vena cava, and lymphatic drainage follows the arteries to para-aortic nodes

• The kidneys are surrounded by a true fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, and are part of the retroperitoneum, which is divided into three compartments: perirenal, anterior pararenal, and posterior pararenal spaces

• The renal parenchyma contains three types of calyces: simple (one papilla) and compound (more than one papilla), with compound calyces being less efficient in preventing intrarenal reflux and more common in the upper pole.

Additionally:

• The hilum of the kidney is where the renal artery and vein enter and exit, and the left kidney's hilum is located slightly lower than the right due to the presence of the liver above

• The relation of the kidneys to the vertebrae is that the left kidney's hilum is located at the L1 vertebral level and the right kidney's hilum is slightly lower at L1/L2 level

• The kidney's vascular anatomy includes the renal arteries and veins and their branches, as well as the extensive anastomosis between the veins

• The intravenous urogram (IVU) shows the various structures of the kidney, including major and minor calyces, and the course of the ureters.

• The diaphragm, located between the abdominal and thoracic cavities, must be motionless during abdominal radiography.

• Patients are instructed to breathe appropriately to prevent diaphragm movement.

• The psoas major muscles are located on either side of the lumbar vertebral column and should be faintly visible on diagnostic abdominal radiographs.

• The abdominopelvic cavity contains several organ systems, with the digestive system being the most extensive.

• The digestive system includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

• The digestive organs within the abdominal cavity are the stomach and small and large intestines.

• The stomach is an expandable reservoir for food and fluids and is the first organ of digestion within the abdominal cavity.

• The small intestine follows the stomach and is a long, tube-like structure that continues for approximately 5 meters. It is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

• The large intestine is the final organ of digestion, beginning at the ileocecal valve and continuing through the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

• The large intestine's shape and location vary depending on body habitus.

• The small and large intestines have a complex blood supply and venous drainage system.