Anatomical Terms, Position and Body Planes
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Questions and Answers

In the anatomical position, what is the orientation of the palms?

  • Facing posteriorly
  • Facing medially towards the body
  • Facing laterally away from the body
  • Facing anteriorly (correct)

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

  • Sagittal plane
  • Coronal plane (correct)
  • Transverse plane
  • Oblique plane

What term describes a structure that is closer to the head?

  • Ventral
  • Superior (correct)
  • Caudal
  • Distal

What term describes lying face up?

<p>Supine (dorsal) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

<p>Midsagittal plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A structure described as 'distal' is:

<p>Farther from the trunk of the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for lying face down?

<p>Prone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to something located towards the back of the body?

<p>Posterior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A transverse plane divides the body into:

<p>Superior and inferior sections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'medial' mean?

<p>Toward the midline of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of a synergist muscle?

<p>Assists the agonist in performing a movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an aponeurosis?

<p>A broad, flat tendon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of fixator muscles during movement?

<p>To stabilize the origin of the agonist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of fascia?

<p>A band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses, stabilizes, and separates muscles and internal organs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'innervation'?

<p>The nerve supply to a muscle or organ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of muscle function, what is an 'antagonist'?

<p>A muscle that directly opposes the action of the prime mover (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ?

<p>Irrigation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the superficial fascia?

<p>Adipose and dense connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the sheets of connective tissue that divide muscles into compartments?

<p>Tabiques (septa) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the function of 'drenaje venoso'?

<p>Return of deoxygenated blood to the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the position in lateral decubitus happens?

<p>Lying on the side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can we say about the location of the vein, thinking about superficial and profund terms?

<p>Vein is the more superficial location. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of body's descriptors terms of location like medial or lateral?

<p>To determine exactly the location of an organ and describe it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are standing in anatomical position and you move you arm away of your torso, what plane are you using?

<p>Coronal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anterior, ventral; and posterior, dorsal. Are those terms equivalents?

<p>Yes, both groups of terms represents direction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main structural components of aponeurosis?

<p>Sheets of connective tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fascia covers the mayor part of the body?

<p>Deep Fascia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can we define irrigation in terms of the components?

<p>Is the oxygenated blood supply delivered to the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body handles the lymphatic fluids?

<p>It takes it to the system of veins and reincorportates it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the body fixes an articulation?

<p>The body fixes certain muscles of the region, for the other to act with efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the superficial fascia?

<p>Layer of dense conective tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In irrigation terms for the body, is the artery carrying blood that is...

<p>Is oxygenated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the innervation of the body?

<p>The nerve's energy for all structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes how the musculoskeletal system operates?

<p>Muscles only pull, and their actions are often counteracted by gravity, the actions of other muscles, or external resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is experiencing pain that radiates down the leg from the lower back and into the foot. Which of the following directional terms would best describe the location of pain relative to the lower back?

<p>The pain is located distal to the lower back. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a surgeon is planning to remove a tumor located in the lateral side of the patients left leg. Which decubitus position is the most appropriate for the patient during surgery?

<p>Right Lateral Decubitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Which directional term is most accurate to describe the relationship of those cavities?

<p>Thoracic Cavity is superior to the Abdominal Cavity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens with the size of a muscle when it is "fixing"?

<p>The size remains the same. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In comparison between tendons and aponeurosis, which best describes BOTH structures?

<p>They are used for muscle attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with a skin lesion directly over the sternum (breastbone), what directional descriptor the physician uses to express the exact location?

<p>The lesion involves a superficial epidermal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A team of surgeons needs to visualize the internal organs of a trauma patient, at what angle should they open to do the surgery?

<p>Sagittal Planes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

¿Qué es la posición anatómica?

A position of reference used to describe the location of structures.

¿Qué es decúbito supino (dorsal)?

Body is lying face upward.

¿Qué es decúbito prono (ventral)?

Body is lying face down.

¿Qué es el plano sagital?

A plane dividing the body into right and left parts.

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¿Qué es el plano coronal (frontal)?

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

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¿Qué es el plano transversal (horizontal)?

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

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¿Qué significa superior o craneal?

Closer to the head or upper part of the body.

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¿Qué significa inferior o caudal?

Away from the head or towards the lower part.

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¿Qué significa anterior o ventral?

Nearer to the front of the body.

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¿Qué significa posterior o dorsal?

Nearer to the back of the body.

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¿Qué significa medial?

Closer to the midline or middle of the body.

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¿Qué significa lateral?

Farther from the midline of the body.

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¿Qué significa proximal?

Nearer to the attachment point of a limb.

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¿Qué significa distal?

Farther from the attachment point of a limb.

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¿Qué significa profundo/a?

Away from the surface.

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¿Qué significa superficial?

Situated near the surface.

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¿Qué es un agonista?

The primary muscle responsible for a specific action.

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¿Qué es un antagonista?

A muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover.

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¿Qué es un sinergista?

Muscle that assists a prime mover.

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¿Qué es un fijador?

Muscle that stabilizes the origin of a prime mover.

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¿Qué es Aponeurosis?

Sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue.

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¿Qué son las fascias corporales?

Material that surrounds and insulates deep structures.

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¿Qué es la Fascia Superficial?

Layer of dense tissue including a fatty and fibrous layer.

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¿Qué es la Fascia profunda?

Layer of desnse connective tissue that is regular and organized.

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¿Qué es la irrigación?

The supply of oxygenated blood to the body.

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¿Qué es el drenaje venoso?

Return of non oxygenated blood through veins.

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¿Qué es drenaje linfático?

Incorporation Lymph from the body for lymphatic functions

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¿Qué es la inervación?

Transport of nervous energy to all structures.

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Study Notes

  • The first topic is anatomical terms and position.
  • The cara looks forward.
  • The feet are together with big toes pointing forward
  • The inferior orbital rim is located at the same level as the top of the external auditory meatus.
  • Arms are at the sides with palms forward.

Anatomical Position

  • A standard reference point for describing the location of structures.
  • Body is in the upright position.
  • Look forward with eyes open and toes pointing forward.
  • Arms attached to the sides of the body with palms of the hands facing forward.
  • Lower limbs are together with the feet parallel.

Variants of Anatomical Position

  • Decubitus Supine (Dorsal): The body lies horizontally, the back supported on a flat surface (faceup).
  • Decubitus Prone (Ventral): The body is lying face down on a flat surface.
  • Decubitus Lateral (Right or Left): Lying on one side.

Body Planes

  • Sagital: Vertical planes perpendicular to coronal planes dividing the body into right and left portions.
  • Medio Sagital: Plane passing through the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves.
  • Coronal (Frontal): Vertical side-by-side planes, dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions.
  • Horizontal or Transverse: Transverse side-to-side planes, perpendicular to vertical planes, divides the upper and lower portion.

Terms of Direction and Position

  • Superior or Cranial: Closer to the head.
  • Inferior or Caudal: Closer to the feet.
  • Anterior or Ventral: Closer to the front.
  • Posterior or Dorsal: Closer to the back.
  • Medial: Towards the midline of the body.
  • Lateral: Away from the midline of the body.
  • Proximal: Closest to the root of a limb
  • Distal: Farthest from the root of a limb
  • Deep: Away from the surface.
  • Superficial: Closer to the surface.
  • Positional terms are essential for accurately determining an organ's location and they must be recalled and used in descriptions.

Muscles / Function

  • Agonists: A primary mover is the primary muscle responsible for producing a specific joint movement, e.g. quadriceps femoris is the primary muscle in knee extension.
  • Antagonist: Opposes the action of the prime mover; regulates the speed of movement, e.g. biceps femoris opposes the action of the quadriceps when the knee is extended.
  • Synergist: Complements the action of a primary motor; it can assist a primary motor by providing a weaker component or less mechanical advantage of the same movement.
  • Fixator: The muscle contracts isometrically (the contraction increases muscle tone but does not change muscle size) to stabilize the origin of the primary motor, increasing its efficiency. Example- Carpal flexor and extensor muscles hold the wrist in place to allow the finger flexors and extensors to move with force.

Aponeurosis

  • Sheets consisted of dense regular fibrous connective tissue.
  • Flattened tendons NOT FASCIAS

Body Fasciae

  • A wrap or isolates deep structures of the human body.
  • These are sheaths, leaves, laminae, or other dissection-visible aggregates of dense regular connective tissue.

Superficial Fascia

  • A dense, consistent connective tissue with two layers or laminae:
    • Exterior Layer- Fatty
    • Internal Layer: Fibrous or Membranous, with a high amount of elastic tissue.
  • Deep Fascia: Is composed of a cohesive, densely packed regular connective tissue.
  • It does not contain fat and covers most of the body profoundly in the skin, superficial fascia-subcutaneous.

Deep Fascia Extensions

  • They line deeper structures such as muscles or neurovascular packages, and are referred to as coating fascia.
  • Muscle groups in the limbs that share innervation are located in compartments separated by broad sheets of deep fascia called muscle septa that extend centrally from the surrounding fascia to bind to the bones.

Irrigation

  • It refers to the flow of oxygenated blood, which originates in the heart, and moves through all parts of the body by ARTERIES.

Venous Drainage

  • It refers to the recycling of non-oxygenated blood back from all regions of the body, back into the HEART, which happens via VEINS.

Lymphatic Drainage

  • It refers to fluids being cycled in the human from all regions.
  • It returns into the VENOUS SYSTEM, through LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

Innervation

  • Transports nervous energy to all structures in the body.
  • This is accomplished through the system of sensory and motor NERVES.

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Description

Learn the anatomical position: cara forward, feet together, toes forward, arms at sides with palms forward. Explore variants like decubitus supine, prone, and lateral. Understand body planes: sagittal dividing body into right and left, etc.

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