Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term is used to describe a position that is nearer to the front of the body?
Which term is used to describe a position that is nearer to the front of the body?
- Lateral
- Posterior
- Superior
- Anterior (correct)
What describes the anatomical position of the human body?
What describes the anatomical position of the human body?
- Standing erect with palms facing forwards (correct)
- Sitting with legs crossed
- Standing with arms raised above the head
- Lying flat on the stomach
What does the term 'medial' refer to in anatomical terms?
What does the term 'medial' refer to in anatomical terms?
- Further from the midline
- Nearer to the median plane (correct)
- Exactly in the middle line
- Towards the surface of the body
Which anatomical term indicates a position that is away from the root of the limb?
Which anatomical term indicates a position that is away from the root of the limb?
Which term describes the body lying flat on its back?
Which term describes the body lying flat on its back?
What anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
What anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
How many bones does the adult human skeleton typically consist of?
How many bones does the adult human skeleton typically consist of?
Which of the following best defines 'superficial' in anatomical terms?
Which of the following best defines 'superficial' in anatomical terms?
What type of ossification occurs directly from mesenchyme?
What type of ossification occurs directly from mesenchyme?
Which of the following is NOT a type of bone according to shape?
Which of the following is NOT a type of bone according to shape?
What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate in long bones?
What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate in long bones?
Which bones are classified as irregular bones?
Which bones are classified as irregular bones?
How does the periosteum contribute to bone growth?
How does the periosteum contribute to bone growth?
Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Which type of bones help to lighten the skull and add resonance to the voice?
Which type of bones help to lighten the skull and add resonance to the voice?
Which bone category includes the femur and humerus?
Which bone category includes the femur and humerus?
Which part of the skeleton forms the midline of the body?
Which part of the skeleton forms the midline of the body?
What is the only movable bone in the human head?
What is the only movable bone in the human head?
How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
How many cervical vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
Which bones form the shoulder girdle?
Which bones form the shoulder girdle?
Which of the following is NOT included in the axial skeleton?
Which of the following is NOT included in the axial skeleton?
Which part of the lower limb is formed by the femur?
Which part of the lower limb is formed by the femur?
How many total vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
How many total vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
What is the total number of pairs of ribs in a human body?
What is the total number of pairs of ribs in a human body?
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Study Notes
Anatomical Terms
- Anterior = In front of
- Posterior = Behind = Nearer to the back of the body
- Superior (upper or cranial) = Nearer to the upper end of the body
- Inferior (lower or caudal) = Nearer to the lower end of the body
- Median = exactly in the middle line
- Medial = nearer to the median plane
- Lateral = away from the median plane
- Proximal = nearer to the root of the limb
- Distal = away from the root of the limb
- Superficial = towards the skin or the surface of the body
- Deep = further away from the skin or the surface of the body
Anatomical Position
- Standing erect
- Eyes looking forwards
- Arms straight by the sides
- Palms facing forwards
- Thumb directed laterally
Anatomical Planes
- Median (sagittal) plane
- Vertical plane which passes in the middle line of the body
- Divides the body into 2 equal half right and left parts
- Paramedian plane
- Parallel to the median plane
- Divides the body into right and left parts
- Horizontal (transverse) plane
- Runs horizontally cutting the body into superior & inferior parts
The Skeleton
- Formed of 206 bones
Classification of the Skeleton
- According to position in the body:
- Axial skeleton
- Bones in the midline of the body
- Includes the Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column and hyoid bone
- Appendicular skeleton
- Bones of the limbs & their girdles
- Includes the free upper limb, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and free lower limb
- Axial skeleton
- According to the process of ossification:
- Intra-membranous ossification
- Occurs in some bones like: clavicle, skull cap and mandible
- Bones are developed directly from mesenchyme
- Intra-cartilaginous ossification
- Occurs in long bones, vertebrae, ribs and base of skull
- Mesenchyme is changed at first into a cartilage model then into bone
- Intra-membranous ossification
- According to Shape:
- Long Bones
- Have 2 ends and shaft
- Examples: Femur, humerus, metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges
- Short Bones
- Examples: Carpal and tarsal bones
- Flat Bones
- Examples: Bones of the skull cap, sternum, scapula
- Irregular Bones
- Examples: Vertebrae and hip bone
- Pneumatic Bones
- Air filled spaces inside some bones
- Examples: Frontal and maxilla bones
- Make skull lighter & add resonance to voice
- Sesamoid Bones
- Develop inside the tendon of some muscles
- Examples: Patella
- Long Bones
Axial Skeleton
- Skull
- Skeleton of the cranium and face
- Consists of 21 immovable bones joined at sutures
- Mandible
- Skeleton of the lower jaw
- Is the only movable bone in the head
- Ribs
- 12 pairs
- Sternum
- Vertebral Column
- Formed of 33 vertebrae
- Cervical vertebrae: 7
- Thoracic vertebrae: 12
- Lumbar vertebrae: 5
- Sacral vertebrae: 5, fused to form sacrum
- Coccygeal vertebrae: 2-4, fused to form coccyx
Appendicular Skeleton
- Shoulder girdle
- Formed of scapula & clavicle
- Free upper limb
- Humerus (arm bone)
- Radius and ulna (forearm bones)
- Carpal, metacarpal & phalanges (wrist bones)
- Pelvic girdle
- Hip bone
- Free lower limb
- Femur (thigh bone)
- Tibia (medially) and Fibula (laterally) (leg bones)
- Tarsus, metatarsus & phalanges (foot bones)
Structure of Long Bone
- Epiphysis
- Covered by hyaline cartilage
- Diaphysis
- Compact bone containing bone marrow
- Covered by fibrous sheath (periosteum)
- Epiphyseal plate of cartilage for length
- Metaphysis
- Lies in the upper and lower part of the diaphysis
Growth of Long Bone
- In length
- Epiphyseal plate of cartilage
- In diameter
- Periosteum
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