Anatomical Terminology Quiz

Study Notes

Anatomical Position: Standing erect with eyes looking forward, arms by sides with palms facing forward, and feet close together.
Planes:
- Vertical Planes:
  - Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left halves.
    - Midsagittal Plane: Divides the body into equal right and left halves.
    - Parasagittal Plane: Any vertical plane parallel to the midsagittal plane.
  - Coronal Plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
- Transverse Plane: Divides the body into upper and lower segments.

Ventral (anterior) / Dorsal (posterior): Front and back of the body.
Superior (upper, cranial, cephalic) / Inferior (lower, caudal): Top and bottom of the body.
Medial / Lateral: Towards the midline / away from the midline.
- Radial & Ulnar: Medial and lateral terms referring to the upper limb.
- Tibial & Fibular: Medial and lateral terms referring to the lower limb.
Superficial / Deep: Near the surface / away from the surface.
Ipsilateral / Contralateral: Same side of the body/ opposite side of the body.
Supine position / prone position: Lying on the back with face upwards / lying on the stomach with face downwards.
Proximal / Distal: Closer to the point of attachment / further from the point of attachment.
Palmar, plantar / Dorsum: Palm of the hand, sole of the foot / back of the hand or foot.

Flexion: Bending movement, anterior surface of distal segment moves towards proximal segment.
Extension: Straightening movement, opposite of flexion.
Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
Adduction: Movement towards the midline.
Circumduction: Succession of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements.
Pronation & Supination: Turning the palm of the hand backwards and forwards respectively (forearm by side), or downwards and upwards respectively (forearm horizontal).
Protraction & Retraction: Moving forwards and backwards, as in the lower jaw.

Muscles are formed of contractile cells producing movement of the body as a whole and internal organs.
Three types of muscles:
- Smooth (Visceral muscles): Long spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei, found in walls of visceral organs and blood vessels.
- Cardiac muscle: Forms the myocardium of the heart, exhibits spontaneous rhythmic contraction (impulses from the SA node), controlled by the involuntary nervous system.
- Skeletal muscle: Makes up 40% of body mass, attached to skeletal structures by tendons or aponeuroses, responsible for skeletal movement, body posture, and heat generation, controlled by the voluntary nervous system.

Parallel fibers: Straight fibers, allowing for wide range of movement (e.g., sartorius, rectus abdominis).
Oblique fibers:
- Triangular (Fan-shaped): Fibers converge from origin to insertion (e.g., temporalis).
- Spiral muscle: Twist in muscle fiber arrangement (e.g., pectoralis major).
- Pennate Muscles:
  - Unipennate: Fibers slope into one side of the tendon (e.g., flexor pollicis longus).
  - Bipennate: Fibers slope into two sides of the tendon (e.g., rectus femoris).
  - Multipennate: Sloping fibers converge from all sides to central tendon (e.g., tibialis anterior, middle fibers of deltoid).

Prime mover: Initiates a particular movement (e.g., biceps).
Antagonist: Opposes and controls the action of the prime mover (e.g., triceps).
Fixator: Contracts isometrically to stabilize the prime mover's action.