Anatomical Terminology

• Sectional anatomy is the visualization of anatomical structures in various different planes.

Distortion

• Distortion means the image appears different from the actual anatomical structure in size or shape.

Coronal Plane

• Coronal plane refers to any longitudinal line that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts, which are not equal.

Foot Movement

• Inversion refers to the inward movement of the foot at the ankle joint.
• Eversion refers to the outward movement of the foot at the ankle joint.

Definitions

• Dorsiflexion means moving the foot and toes upwards.
• Plantarflexion means moving the foot and toes downwards.

Pharynx function

• The pharynx is a ring-like muscular tube acting as a passageway for air, food, and liquids.

Esophagus Relations in the Neck

• Anterior to the esophagus in the neck are the trachea and thyroid.
• Posterior to the esophagus in the neck is the cervical vertebrae.
• Lateral to the esophagus in the neck is the common carotid artery.

Stomach Muscles

• The outer muscle layer is longitudinal.
• The middle muscle layer is circular
• The innermost layer is oblique.

Rugae Definition

• Rugae refers to a fold or crease, especially one of the folds of the mucous membrane on the internal surface of the stomach.
• Rugae are excessive folds of gastric mucosa, and they are most prominent when the stomach is collapsed.

Stomach Relations

• Anterior to the stomach are the diaphragm, left lobe of the liver, left costal cartilage, and the anterior abdominal wall.
• Posterior to the stomach (stomach bed) is the diaphragm.

Duodenum

• The Duodenum is C-shaped around the head of the pancreas.
• The Duodenum is sometimes called a "Mixing bowl."

ileocecal Valve Function

• The ileocecal valve acts as a sphincter.
• The ileocecal valve prevents the contents of the ileum from passing too quickly into the cecum.
• The ileocecal valve prevents reflux or backward flow of large intestine contents into the ileum.

Mechanical Digestion Defined

• Mechanical digestion is physically breaking down food into smaller pieces.
• Mechanical digestion starts with chewing of food and continues through the rest of the digestive system.

Chief Cells

• Chief cells produce pepsinogen (inactive proenzyme).
• Pepsinogen is converted by HCl in the gastric lumen to pepsin (active proenzyme).
• Chief cells also produce gastric lipase.
• Chief cells are most abundant near the base of gastric glands in the fundus and body.

Pancreatic Alpha-Amylase

• Pancreatic alpha-amylase is a carbohydrase.
• Pancreatic alpha-amylase breaks down starches.
• Pancreatic alpha-amylase is similar to salivary amylase.

Salivary Glands

• The parotid gland has a parotid duct.
• Sublingual glands have sublingual ducts.
• Submandibular glands have submandibular ducts.

Liver

• The liver's border is between 15-17.5 cm.
• The liver extends slightly below the lateral portion of the 10th rib, just above the right kidney.
• The liver can store vitamins B12 and D for several months and vitamin A for several years.
• The liver also stores vitamins E and K.
• The cystic duct and common hepatic ducts join to form the common bile duct.

Hypersthenic Body Type

• This body type represents 5% of the population.
• People with this body type are shorter.
• They tend to have broad shoulders and hips.
• They tend to have short thoracic cavities.

Anterior Surface Relations

• The following entities are to the right: Liver, Colon (HF), and small intestine.
• The following things would be to the left include: Spleen, Stomach, Pancreas, Colon (SF), and small intestine.

Gerota's Fascia

• Gerota's fascia (renal fascia) is a layer of connective tissue that encapsulates the kidneys and adrenal glands.

Urinary Bladder

• The trigone is a triangular portion of the U.B. along the inner posterior surface.

Medulla

• The medulla is located under the cortex.
• The Proximal Convoluted Tubule is where the most reabsorption occurs.
• The external urethral sphincter is voluntary.

Alkalosis

• Alkalosis is when the the pH is above 7.45.
• Alkalosis can occur because of decreased blood levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is an acid.
• Alkalosis can also occur due to increased blood levels of bicarbonate (HCO3), which is a base.

This lesson covers sectional anatomy, including the coronal plane and types of distortion. Foot movements such as inversion and eversion are discussed. The pharynx and esophagus, including their functions and relations in the neck, are explored.