Anatomical Terminology and Microscopy

Regional Terms

• Terms describe specific areas of the body

Directional Terms

• Terms like superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, and proximal/distal describe the relative location of body structures

Body Planes and Sections

• Sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes divide the body into sections

Body Cavities

• Enclosed spaces house major organs
• Cranial cavity contains the brain
• Thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs
• Abdominal cavity contains the digestive organs
• Pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs and bladder

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• The abdomen is divided into four quadrants for descriptive purposes

Microscope Parts

• Includes the eyepiece, objective lenses, stage, focus knobs, etc.

Magnification, Field Diameter, and Working Distance

• Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the eyepiece magnification by the objective lens magnification
• Diameter of field is the width of the area visible through the microscope
• Working distance is the distance between the objective lens and the specimen

Relationship Between Magnification, Working Distance, and Field Diameter

• As magnification increases, working distance and field diameter decrease

Cell Parts and Functions

• Nucleus contains DNA
• Mitochondria produce energy
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins, etc.

Cell Cycle

• Series of events a cell goes through as it grows and divides

Mitosis

• Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are the stages of cell division
• Each phase has specific events

Diffusion

• Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Temperature, molecule size, and concentration gradient affect the rate

Osmosis

• Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic Solutions

• Isotonic solutions have equal solute concentrations
• Hypertonic solutions have higher solute concentrations
• Hypotonic solutions have lower solute concentrations

Water Movement in Different Solutions

• Water moves out of cells in hypertonic solutions
• Water moves into cells in hypotonic solutions
• There is no net movement of water in isotonic solutions

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis is cell eating
• Pinocytosis is cell drinking
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves specific receptors to bind substances

Passive or Active Transport

• Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis can be active processes

Tissue Types

• Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Epithelial Tissue

• Apical surface is the exposed surface
• Basal surface is attached to the basement membrane
• Basement membrane supports the epithelium

Roles of Epithelial Tissues

• Protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion

Simple Epithelial Tissues

• Simple squamous is a single layer of flattened cells
• Simple columnar is a single layer of column-shaped cells
• Simple cuboidal is a single layer of cube-shaped cells

Functions and Locations of Simple Epithelium

• Simple squamous is for diffusion in the lungs
• Simple columnar is for absorption in the intestines
• Simple cuboidal is for secretion in the kidneys

Goblet Cells

• A type of cell that secretes mucus

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

• Multiple layers of flattened cells
• Protects against abrasion in the skin

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

• Single layer of cells of differing heights
• Cilia move mucus in the respiratory tract

Cilia vs. Microvilli

• Cilia moves substances across the cell surface
• Microvilli increase surface area for absorption

Roles of Connective Tissues

• Support, connect, and separate different tissues and organs

Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts, and Osteoblasts

• Fibroblasts produce fibers
• Chondroblasts produce cartilage
• Osteoblasts produce bone

Areolar Connective Tissue

• A type of loose connective tissue
• Supports and binds other tissues

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

• A type of connective tissue with parallel collagen fibers
• Provides strength in tendons and ligaments

Epidermis Layers

• Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum are layers of the skin

Skin Structures

• Epidermis provides protection
• Dermis contains papillary and reticular layers
• Hair follicles produce hair
• Sebaceous glands secrete oil
• Sweat glands secrete sweat

Hyaline Cartilage

• A type of cartilage found in joints and respiratory passages
• Chondrocytes are cartilage cells
• Lacunae are spaces containing chondrocytes

Location and Function of Hyaline Cartilage

• Provides smooth surfaces for joint movement

Compact Bone

• Osteocytes are bone cells
• Lacunae are spaces containing osteocytes
• Lamellae are layers of bone matrix
• Osteon is the structural unit of compact bone

Anatomical Areas of Longitudinally Cut Bone

• Diaphysis is the shaft
• Epiphysis is the end
• Spongy bone contains marrow
• Compact bone is dense and solid

Osteon Parts

• Central canal, lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi

Bone Types

• Long bones are longer than they are wide (e.g., femur)
• Short bones are cube-shaped (e.g., carpals)
• Flat bones are thin and flat (e.g., skull bones)
• Irregular bones have complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae)

Axial Skeleton Components

• Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Appendicular Skeleton Components

• Bones of the limbs and their girdles