Anatomia del Fossa Poplitea

Muscles of the Lower Extremity

• The lower limb comprises muscles of the pelvic girdle and muscles of the free lower limb, situated in the thigh and lower leg.
• Muscles of the pelvic girdle include the iliopsoas and psoas minor, and several gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus), as well as the tensor fasciae latae.
• Muscles of the free lower limb are categorized into anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh, and anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments in the lower leg.
• Each muscle has specific origins, insertions, and functions.

Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle

• M. iliopsoas: Originates from the fossa iliaca and T12-L5, inserting at the trochanter minor. Its function involves flexing, rotating externally, and flexing the trunk (if leg is fixed).
• M. psoas minor: Originates from Th12-L1, inserting at the eminentia iliopubica. Its function is trunk flexion.
• M. gluteus maximus: Originates from the gluteal surface, posterior to the gluteal line. Insertion at the gluteal tuberosity and tractus iliotibialis. Its function includes hip extension, external rotation and abduction.
• M. gluteus medius: Originates from the gluteal surface between superior and inferior gluteal lines. Inserts at the greater trochanter. Its function is hip abduction, internal and external rotation.
• M. gluteus minimus: Originates from the gluteal surface between inferior and anterior gluteal lines. Inserts into the greater trochanter. Its functions include hip abduction, internal and external rotation.
• M. tensor fasciae latae: Originates from the anterior superior iliac spine, inserting into the tractus iliotibialis. Its functions include hip flexion, hip abduction, and knee flexion.
• M. piriformis: Origin: pelvic surface of the sacrum, laterally from the sacral foramina 2-4. Insertion: greater trochanter. Functions:Abduction, external rotation of the hip.
• M. obturator internus: Origin: inner surface of the obturator membrane. Insertion: fossa trochanterica. Function: rotates thigh externally.
• M. obturator externus: Origin: lateral surface of the obturator membrane. Insertion: fossa trochanterica. Function: external rotation of the thigh.
• M. gemellus superior: Origin: ischial spine. Insertion: greater trochanter. Function: rotates thigh externally.
• M. gemellus inferior: Origin: ischial tuberosity. Insertion: greater trochanter. Function: external hip rotation.
• M. quadratus femoris: Origin: ischial tuberosity. Insertion: intertrochanteric crest. Function: externally rotates and adducts thigh.

Muscles of the Thigh

• Anterior compartment:

• M. quadriceps femoris: (rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius): Origin varies for each part. Function: extend knee

• M. sartorius: Origin: anterior superior iliac spine. Insertion: tuberositas tibiae. Function: hip flexion, knee flexion, external and internal rotation of the knee

• Medial compartment:

• M. pectineus: Origin: pubic ramus. Insertion: linea pectinea femoris. Function: Hip flexion, adduction, external rotation.

• M. adductor brevis: Origin: inferior pubic ramus. Insertion: medial lip of the linea aspera. Function: hip adduction, flexion, and external rotation.

• M. adductor longus: Origin: superior pubic ramus. Insertion: medial lip of the linea aspera (mid-portion). Function: adduction, flexion, and external rotation of thigh.

• M. adductor magnus: Origin: inferior pubic ramus, ramus of the ischium, tuber ischiadicum. Insertion: medial lip of linea aspera, adductor tubercle, and epicondylus medialis femoris. Function: Adduction, flexion, and external and internal rotation of thigh depending on fibers used.

• M. gracilis: Origin: inferior pubic ramus. Insertion: tuberositas tibiae. Function: Adduction, flexion, internal rotation of thigh.

• Posterior compartment:

• M. semitendinosus: Origin: ischial tuberosity. Insertion: tuberositas tibiae. Function: hip extension, knee flexion, internal rotation of the knee.

• M. semimembranosus: Origin: ischial tuberosity. Insertion: medial condyle of the tibia. Function: hip extension, knee flexion, internal rotation of the knee.

• M. biceps femoris: (long head & short head): Origin varies. Insertion: head of fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia. Function: hip extension, knee flexion, external rotation of the knee

Muscles of the Lower Leg

• Anterior compartment:

• M. tibialis anterior: Origin: lateral condyle of tibia. Insertion: 1st metatarsal bone and medial cuneiform. Function: dorsiflexion and adduction of the foot.

• M. extensor digitorum longus: Origin: lateral condyle of tibia and fibula. Insertion: distal phalanges of toes 2-5. Function: extension of toes, dorsiflexion of the foot.

• M. extensor hallucis longus: Origin: anterior surface of the proximal fibula. Insertion: distal phalanx of the great toe. Function: extension of the great toe; dorsiflexion, and abduction of the foot

• Lateral compartment:

• M. fibularis longus: Origin: proximal lateral fibula. Insertion: 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform. Function: plantar flexion, abduction, and eversion of the foot.

• M. fibularis brevis: Origin: proximal lateral fibula. Insertion: 5th metatarsal. Function: plantar flexion and eversion of the foot.

• Posterior compartment:

• M. triceps surae: (Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris): Origin varies. Insertion: calcaneal tuberosity. Function: plantarflexion.

• M. plantaris: Origin: lateral condyle of femur. Insertion: calcaneal tuberosity. Function: plantar flexion of the foot and flexes the knee.

• M. popliteus: Origin: lateral condyle of femur. Insertion: posterior surface of the tibia above the soleus line. Function: knee flexion, internal rotation of the knee.

• M. tibialis posterior: Origin: posterior tibia & fibula. Insertion: navicular & cuneiform bones. Function: plantarflexion, inversion, and adduction.

• M. flexor digitorum longus: Origin: posterior surface of the tibia. Insertion: distal phalanges of toes 2-5. Function: flexes toes, plantarflexion of the foot.

• M. flexor hallucis longus: Origin: lateral surface of fibula. Insertion: distal phalanx of great toe. Function: flexes great toe, plantarflexion of the foot.

Foot Muscles

• Dorsal surface: Extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis, abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis.
• Little toe muscles: Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi. These muscles function to move the toes and provide support to the foot's arches.

Topography of the Lower Limb

• Canalis obturatorius: A passage in the pelvis, between the muscles of the medial thigh.
• Lacuna musculorum: Space between the inguinal ligament and the hip bone, containing muscles.
• Lacuna vasorum: Space between the ligament and hip bone, containing blood vessels.
• Canalis femoralis: Canals made up of 3 walls and 2 openings containing various vessels.
• Trigonum femorale: Triangular depression in the anterior thigh, containing vessels.
• Canalis adductorius: A passage beneath the adductor muscles, leading to the popliteal fossa.
• Fossa poplitea: A depression behind the knee joint, containing various vessels, nerves and muscles.

Fasciae of the Lower Limb & Pelvic Girdle

• Fascia iliaca: Covers and extends into the pelvic bones, encompassing the iliopsoas.

• Fascia glutea: Encloses gluteal muscles.

• Fascia lata: Encloses thigh muscles, with intermuscular septa and retinacula.

• Fascia cruris: Wraps around leg muscles (anterior, lateral, and posterior).

• Fascia dorsalis pedis: Encloses foot extensor muscles.

• Fascia plantaris pedis: Encloses muscles on the plantar surface, with a thickened aponeurosis.

• Retinacula: Bands of fascia that stabilize tendons. Retinacula are found both superiorly and inferiorly on the ankle, and in relation to other joints in the lower limb.

Questo quiz verifica la tua conoscenza della anatomia del fossa poplitea e dei muscoli circostanti. Sarai interrogato su origini, inserzioni e funzioni dei muscoli coinvolti. Sii preparato a rispondere a domande specifiche sui muscoli e la loro relazione con l'anatomia del ginocchio.