Analyzing Primary Sources

Analyzing Primary Sources

• Primary sources are documents or artifacts from witnesses or participants in an event providing firsthand testimony or evidence of the period.
• They offer direct evidence of past human activity, serving as actual records that have survived.
• Reading primary sources involves historical imagination and questioning to understand the material.
• Analyzing them is crucial for historians, offering a better understanding of past events from original materials.
• Everyone can interpret sources differently based on their experiences, with no single "right" interpretation.
• Analyzing a primary source requires information about the document and its historical context.

Analyzing Sources - Helpful Questions

• To analyze sources, consider the physical nature of the source
• This is especially relevant for sources like old letters.
• The message or argument should be identified to understand the author's intention
• The method for conveying the message should be assessed.
• Information about the author must be acquired
• Race, sex, class, occupation, religion, age, region, and political beliefs of the author are relevant.
• The intended audience should be investigated
• Was it a private or public source?
• A careful reading of texts and objects provides valuable insight
• Language, metaphors, and symbols used by the author are also important.

The 6 C's for Analyzing Primary Sources

• Content: Identify the main idea
• List important points, phrases, words, and sentences for documents.
• Describe the visual elements for images.
• Citation: Determine the document's creator and creation date.
• Communication: Identify any author biases by examining their viewpoint.
• Context: Understand the relevant events occurring when the document was created.
• Connections: Relate the primary source to existing knowledge.
• Conclusions: Evaluate the primary source contributions to historical understanding.
• Examine sources critically as unfiltered records of the past.

Juan de Plasencia Background

• His real name was Joan de Puerto Carrera of the Franciscan order.
• Born Juan Puerto Carrero in the early 16th century, in the Extremadura region of Spain.
• He fostered primary education, converted natives, taught catechisms, and organized towns in the Philippines.
• He promoted Spanish language understanding and local languages for missionaries, and initiated the Reduction Policy.
• Works addressed injustices against natives by government officials.

Juan de Plasencia - Arrival in the Phillipines

• He aided in establishing numerous towns in Bulacan, Laguna, and Rizal provinces
• Tayabas Caliraya, Lucban, Mahjayjay, Nagcarlan, Liliw, Pila and more
• Elected as custos of friars May 23, 1584, and served until 1588.
• Died in Laguna in 1590.
• Chiefs called "Dato" governed people and led in wars, obeyed and revered by their people.
• Tribal gatherings called Barangays consisted of families, relatives, and slaves.

The Three Castes in Tagalog Barangays

• Nobles (Maharlica): Free-born individuals exempt from taxes.
• Commoners (Aliping Namamahay): Resided in their own houses and were ruled by lords, owning property and gold.
• Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilid): Served masters and cultivated their land; could be sold.

Mode of Dressing

• Male headgear was called Putong
• Symbolized the number of persons the wearer had killed.
• Upper garments were short-sleeved jackets called kanggan.
• Lower garments were called bahag.
• Females wore Baro (upper) and Saya (lower).
• Ornaments are decorative and added distinction.

Government

• Barangays were local government units ruled by chieftains, comprising 30-100 families with relatives and slaves.
• Chieftain functions included law implementation, order maintenance, and subject protection.
• Disputes were resolved by a court comprising of the chieftain and council of elders.

Inheritance and Slaves

• The chieftain's first son inherited his position as leader
• Heirs can be:
• Successively, sons
• Eldest daughter succeeded where there were no male heirs
• Becoming a slave occurred through captivity in war, debt, inheritance, purchase, or crime.
• Slaves were freed through forgiveness, debt payment, condonation, bravery, or marriage.

Marriage Customs

• Men were generally monogamous, their wives were called Asawa.
• Courtship started with Paninilbihan (service).
• Dowries required before marriage
• Bigay-kaya (land or gold), panghihimuyat (gift for the bride's parents), and bigay-suso (for the wet nurse).
• Marriages were uncommon between different social classes.

Religious and Superstitious Beliefs

• Dieties include:
• Bathala (supreme being)
• Idayanale (god of agriculture)
• Sidarapa (god of death)
• Agni (god of fire)
• Balangaw (god of rainbow)
• Mandarangan (god of war) - Lalahon (god of harvest) - Siginarungan (god of hell).
• Belief in sacred animals and trees were held.
• Aswang, Duwende, Kapre, Tikbalang, and Tiyanak are believed to exist.
• Magical amulets and charms like anting-anting, kulam, and gayuma (love potions) are believed to have power.

Language and System of Writing

• Major dialects included:
• Tagalog
• Ilocano
• Pangasinan
• Pangpangan
• Sugbuhanon
• Hilighaynon
• Maguindanao - Samarnon.
• Malayo-Polynesian origin.
• The writing system used 3 vowels and 14 consonants known as Baybayin.
• Tree sap was used as ink, and pointed sticks as pencils.
• Writing surfaces included plant leaves, tree bark, or bamboo tubes.

Meaning and Relevance of History

• History is the study of the past as described in written documents.
• It is derived from the Greek word "historia", which means inquiry or knowledge acquired by investigation.
• History connects the past and present, encouraging a long-term view of these connections.

Historical Data Categories

• A primary source provides direct, firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art.
• A secondary source interprets primary sources and are not made by participants of the historical era.

Evaluation of Historical Data

• Internal criticism involves examining the data itself to determine facts and interpretations.
• External criticism uses experimental science to verify the authenticity of the data material.

Conclusion on History

• Understanding issues requires history.
• Protecting identity needs history.
• Evaluation of the sources needs evaluation via internal and external criticism.
• Human actions and interactions respond to physiological and environmental needs.

Other Facts to Note

• Through innovation, communities rose into civilization
• Human innovations are rooted in basic needs and responses
• Exploration of history includes exploration of different worlds, times, places, and people.
• History offers insights into our origins.
• Study of history may prevent repeating our mistakes.

Primary Soruces

• Primary sources provide direct or firsthand evidence for an event
• Including direct knowledge about historical events, figures and people
• They contain compelling evidence of human activity.
• Primary resources include things created or used during the period being studied
• Provide records that survived from the past.

Primary Source Examples

• Some examples of primary sources include:
• Archives
• Photographs
• Audio and video recordings
• Journals
• Letters - Diaries
  • Speeches
  • Scrapbooks
  • Published books
  • Newspapers - Government Publications
    • Oral histories
    • Publications
    • Memoirs
    • Artifacts - Research data

Characteristics

• Primary resources can be:
• The first-hand account of an event
• Contemporary with described events
• They document people and viewpoints.
• Research drives eras, which expands the number of primary resources.
• Primary sources often used to broaden the event through secondary sources.
• Researchers must be aware of bias for accurate information.

Secondary Sources

• Something not made by an event's participators.
• Created by historians and writers based on primary sources, offering interpretation.
• The sources for data creates after the actual account and event happened.
• The source may still provide discussions and summaries of events.
• Textbooks, magazine articles, and news reports are examples of secondary sources.

Evaluation

• Historical sources need to be examined to be verified.
• The two ways that sources are analyzed/verified are:
• Internal criticism
• External criticism

Internal Criticism

• It determines fact from fiction.
• Can look at the data provider for any motives for the data.
• Indicates accurateness of the data.
• Checks personal data for motives.

External Criticism

• It applies technical tests such as when the source was written.
• It uses scientific facts to certify the authenticity of information.
• Supports or undermines historical claims.
• Determines if information is accurately portrays genuineness of data.

Additional Notes

• Internal and external criticisms are the way historical scrutiny takes place for historical revisioning.

Conclusion

• As critical events are remembered by others, the information needs to as accurate as possible to guide the future.
• Attempting to handle issues without proper research and factual backgrounds is dangerous.
• Primary and secondary sources ensure these facts.

Agrarian Reform in the Philippines

• Agrarian Reform is marked as a redistribution of lands among farmer and regular workers of the farms.
• The aims of this reform looks to end land ownership conflicts with attempts to bring in harmony among rural and urban residents.
• Creating stability is also one of the main goals of the reformation.
• Reform means to eliminate economic and social developments that rise as a defect.

Aspects of Agrarian Reform

• Aspect 1: Economic aspect is agriculture
• Although industrial programs exist, the philippine economy depends on its agriculture Aspect 2: Socio cultural is a perspective shift
• Land reform has enhanced agricultural productivity and increased income for the farmers.
• Aspect 3: Religious context is through god
• The earth is owned by god and made for all lives on earth.

The Objectives of Agrarian Reform

• The main objective was to settle conflicts of land ownership.
• Stability in country is also objective.
• Economic reforms are also made such as wealth and income.
• Programs facilitate activities such as land acquisition.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform (CARP)

• Republic Act 6657 involved the redistribution of land to farmers lacking ownership.
• Land Tenure Improvement sought to resolve issues for those who needed rights to land.
• A law known as Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law, signed by President Corazon C. Aquino created CARP.

The History of Agrarian Reform

• Before the country was colonized, communities were organized with an early system where land was shared by status.
• Land known as Barangays were administered with chiefs.
• The agricultural system "pueblo" was also implemented.

Acts and Reform

• During the colonial eras, the peasants would create anti-colonial groups.
• Rice Tenancy Law also created a support system for crop sharing between tenants and landlords.
• LASEDECO created peasantry programs.

Agrarian Laws and Acts

• President Magsaysay pushed for honest and true reform with land.
• Land Reform Act of 1955 defined land policies with funding for implementation.
• The Revised Agriculture Land Reform Code (RA 6389) then added provisions to prevent conversion of land.

Laws and What They Covered

• Tenanted areas were covered with this RA along with landed estates
• Old settlements
• Proposal of land was covered
• Disposal land in public domain.
• Private lands.

Beneficiaries

• Lessees or tenants.
• Seasonal workers.
• Any occupants of public land.
• Collectives or cooperatives working on the land.

What Lands Were Not Covered

• Reform programs extended as long as the law was supported and improved
• The Carper Laws had a ton of funding for these situations
• Many new provisions and reform

The Laws Purpose

• Balances the interests of landowners, farmers, and the DAR interest.
• COCAR a law that was created to give congression oversight on the reform.
• The term "constitution" refers to regulations and orders.
• They abide by fundamental principles.

Purpose of Constitution

• The fundamental law upon which rules are based such as when there is a conflict.
• Provides government structure which is the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• Every org must have rules for its basis.

Constitutions of the Phillipines

• The Malolos Constitution (La Constitution Politica de Malolos)
• Written in 1899
• Made to declared independence from spain
• Asia's first republican constitution.

The 1935 Constitution

• Meet the approvable standards of america.

Constitutions of The Phillipines (1943 and 1973)

• The 1943 Constitution
• Executive powers
• Assembly could only stand to be anti-american (anti-US)
• People were appointed to office
• 1973 Constitution
• Shift assembly from the present form to parliamentary system.
• Head of office was the president.

Constitutions

• 1986 Provisional
• Popularly know as the freedom constitution. It was made to have equal power exercised until congress.

Additional Constitutional Facts

• The constiution was ratified on Feb 2 1987.
• The constitutions were based of previous versions such as:
• 1935's fully operational state after third republic began
• 1973 the constitution that was under martial law
• 1986 aquinos power state

Phillipine Taxation History

• Early filipinos practiced before the spanish.
• Buwis or tribute was system.
• Barangay was unit.

Spanish and American Era Taxation

• Society back then had rules based on different classes
• 1 Tumao
• 2 Timawa
• 3 Cripon
• Followed spain's system.
• Tax was on annual rental value of real estate; Urbana charges both rural and urban

Bureau Era

• Bureau Era started in 1902
• July 2 1904, internal revenue passed reorganization act mandated assess fees.

Taxation Types

• The internal revenue law in 1904 licensed excise and taxes.
• Changes in industrial tax followed on 1907.
• Industrial tax charged.
• Under Simmons tariffs act duties and raw goods eliminated.
• New sources of tax after were income and inheritance tax after abolition.
• January 1940 taxation existed.

Resident Taxes

• Every inhabitant was subject to this tax.
• High staff.
• Officers.
• Visitors for less than three months.
• New system via commowealth.

Regimes

• The customs office under the ww2 Japanese.
• When they got independence the office was reevaluated.

After Independence and New Bureaus

• Accountants are now merged.
• Records put in new sectors.
• Legal work centralized.
• Country was divided.

Divisions

• There was a legal division.
• Assement division
• Collection division.
• Income in 1951 new divisions were assigned.
• Training units assigned as well too.

Regions

• Head of the divisions were the regional directors.
• Position called collector
• It was made to consolidate individual incomes.
• No 223 awarded officers rewards.
• Tobacco was erected.

Marcos

• Missael Vera appointment to be director
• Blue master was set
• Volunteering became apparent.

The Tax Law

• Tax account numbers via tax.
• Payments.
• Martial law added to the developmental efforts.
• Amnesty was decreed, where officials could start taxes.
• Code. The code also was updated.

Taxation

• Inherent power to impose revenue.
• Its a enforced contribution.
• Taxes are to be paid in proper legal tender.
• Its paid and shouldered via laws.

Tax

• Tax is taxes with a fixed charge.
• Direct taxes are taxes shouldered by the taker.
• Capital gain tax.
• Withholding.
• Tax is the money removed from an workers paycheck.

Types of Taxes

• Money is collected by the business which is then used to pay the government
• Donor tax is tax on a person transferring a gift.
• Estate tax: value of a people before the decease.
• Paid directly the worker.

Indirect Tax

• One can shift to another person such taxes also
• Also called VAT.

Laws

• Excise tax.
• Cost of manufacturing.
• The documentary stamp tax is the payments to register property rights.

Four Good Cannons for Taxes

• To pay based off ability
• Amount paid is to be certain.
• Time for payment should be optimal
• Taxed levied will be the sustance.

Phases Of Taxation

• Levy occurs
• Money moves between a tax
• Assessment are laid down
• Payment is referred to the taxation.