Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of volumetric analysis?
What is the primary purpose of volumetric analysis?
- To qualitatively analyze the presence of substances
- To determine the concentration of a substance by measuring its volume (correct)
- To identify the color changes during a reaction
- To isolate compounds from a mixture
Which of the following accurately describes a titrant?
Which of the following accurately describes a titrant?
- A solution that undergoes changes in pH
- A reagent of known concentration used in titration (correct)
- A reagent of unknown concentration
- The substance being titrated
What method can be used to detect the endpoint in an oxidation-reduction titration?
What method can be used to detect the endpoint in an oxidation-reduction titration?
- Visual color change with an indicator (correct)
- Refractive index measurement
- Gravimetric analysis
- pH meter
Which titration method is typically used for weak acids with strong bases?
Which titration method is typically used for weak acids with strong bases?
In the Fagan method of precipitation titration, what type of indicator is used?
In the Fagan method of precipitation titration, what type of indicator is used?
What is a primary standard in the context of titration?
What is a primary standard in the context of titration?
What process involves determining the exact concentration of a solution of unknown concentration?
What process involves determining the exact concentration of a solution of unknown concentration?
Which is the correct definition of the term 'end point' in titration?
Which is the correct definition of the term 'end point' in titration?
What defines the end point in volumetric analysis?
What defines the end point in volumetric analysis?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a reaction to be used in volumetric analysis?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a reaction to be used in volumetric analysis?
Which type of reaction involves a neutralization between hydrogen and hydroxyl ions?
Which type of reaction involves a neutralization between hydrogen and hydroxyl ions?
What type of reactions depend on the combination of ions to form a simple precipitate?
What type of reactions depend on the combination of ions to form a simple precipitate?
Which indicator reaction is typically associated with acidimetry?
Which indicator reaction is typically associated with acidimetry?
In complex formation reactions, what is the outcome of the combination of ions?
In complex formation reactions, what is the outcome of the combination of ions?
What does the equivalence point indicate in volumetric analysis?
What does the equivalence point indicate in volumetric analysis?
Which of these is an example of a redox reaction?
Which of these is an example of a redox reaction?
What is the formula for calculating molarity (M)?
What is the formula for calculating molarity (M)?
Which unit is used to express parts per million (ppm)?
Which unit is used to express parts per million (ppm)?
What does the equation VA x NA = VB x NB represent?
What does the equation VA x NA = VB x NB represent?
Which of the following equations represents dilution?
Which of the following equations represents dilution?
Which of the following definitions describes molality (m)?
Which of the following definitions describes molality (m)?
What does the term 'normality' (N) refer to?
What does the term 'normality' (N) refer to?
What remains constant during the process of dilution?
What remains constant during the process of dilution?
Which expression correctly calculates % mass (% m/m)?
Which expression correctly calculates % mass (% m/m)?
Flashcards
Volumetric analysis
Volumetric analysis
A quantitative chemical analysis technique where the amount of a substance is determined by measuring the volume of a solution used in a reaction.
Titration
Titration
The process of adding a standard solution (of known concentration) to an unknown solution until the reaction is complete.
Titrant
Titrant
The solution of known concentration used in a titration.
Titrand
Titrand
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Standard solution
Standard solution
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Standardization
Standardization
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End point
End point
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Direct titration
Direct titration
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Equivalence point
Equivalence point
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Requirements for a volumetric analysis reaction
Requirements for a volumetric analysis reaction
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Acidimetry
Acidimetry
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Alkalimetry
Alkalimetry
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Complex formation reactions
Complex formation reactions
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Precipitation reactions
Precipitation reactions
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Redox reactions
Redox reactions
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Concentration
Concentration
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Percent mass (% m/m)
Percent mass (% m/m)
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Percent volume (% v/v)
Percent volume (% v/v)
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Molarity (M)
Molarity (M)
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Molality (m)
Molality (m)
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Parts per million (ppm)
Parts per million (ppm)
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Mole fraction (x)
Mole fraction (x)
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Dilution
Dilution
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: Basics of Analytical Chemistry
- Course code: chm201, chm219B
- Instructor: Dr. Ibrahem M A Hasan
- University: South Valley University, Faculty of Science, Qena
Assessment
- Theoretical: 40 marks
- Practical: 20 marks
- Oral: 10 marks
- Midterm: 10 marks
- Continuous Assessment: 20 marks
- Total: 100 marks
Weekly Hours
- Theoretical: 1 hour
- Practical: 3 hours
- Total Credit: 4
- Credit Units: 2
Textbooks
- Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 10th edition, 2022, by Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, and Stanley R. Crouch, Cengage Inc., MA, USA.
- Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 9th edition, 2016, by Daniel C. Harris, Charles A. Lucy, W. H. Freeman and Company, NY, USA.
Syllabus
- Volumetric analysis
- Acid-base titrations
- Strong acid (SA) with strong base (SB)
- Weak base (WB) with SA
- Weak acid (WA) with SB
- WA with WB
- Polybasic acids with SB
- Anions of WA with SA
- Precipitation titrations
- Introduction
- Fagan method (use of adsorption indicators)
- Liebig's method (turbidity method)
- Oxidation-Reduction titrations
- Introduction
- End point detection
- Complex formation titrations
Volumetric Analysis
- Definition of some terms
- Classification of reactions in volumetric analysis
- Acid-base (neutralization)
- Precipitation
- Reduction-oxidation
- Complexometric
- Acidimetry: titration of free bases or salts of weak acids with standard acid.
- Alkalimetry: titration of free acids or salts of weak bases with standard base.
- These reactions involve the combination of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to form water. (HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O)
- Complex formation reactions: depend on the combination of ions, forming slightly dissociated ionic compounds.
- Examples: 2CN⁻ + Ag⁺ → [Ag(CN)₂]⁻, Cu(H₂O)₄²⁺ + 2EDTA → [Cu(EDTA)₂]²⁻ + 4H₂O (EDTA: Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
- Precipitation reactions: depend on the combination of ions to form a precipitate.
- Example: Ag⁺ + NO₃⁻ + Na⁺ + Cl⁻ → AgCl + Na⁺ + NO₃⁻
- Reduction-oxidation (Redox) reactions: involve a change in valences or transfer of electrons.
- Example: MnO₄⁻ + 5Fe²⁺ + 8H⁺ → Mn²⁺ + 5Fe³⁺ + 4H₂O
Concentration of Solution
- Units
- Percent composition (% m/m, % v/v, % m/v)
- Molarity (M)
- Molality (m)
- Parts per million (ppm)
- Mole fraction (χ)
- Mass per volume (g/L)
- Normality (N)
Computing Results
- At the end point:
- Normality (N) = gram equivalents/liters
- Normality (N) = milligram equivalents/milliliters (ml)
- Number of mg equivalents = Number of ml x Normality
- When a standard solution (A) reacts with an unknown solution (B):
- VA × NA = VB × NB or VA × MA = VB × MB
- Where VA and VB are reacted volumes of solutions A and B, NA and NB are normalities of solutions A and B
Dilution
- Dilution: adding extra solvent to decrease solution concentration.
- Amount of solute remains constant.
- Concentration formula for dilution: (Conc₁ × Vol₁) = (Conc₂ × Vol₂)
- Applicable to molarity or percentage units
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