Analysis of Primary Sources and Pigafetta's Chronicle

• Historical sources are primary tools for understanding, including lucid interpretation, because they contain historical facts.
• Primary sources are materials like documents, memoirs, and subjective accounts from the period of the incident.

Analyzing Primary Sources

• Primary sources undergo external criticism to examine the authenticity of the document or evidence.
• Internal criticism is applied to determine the truthfulness, veracity, and accuracy of the content.
• Both criticisms intersect to examine the source's context and production conditions, considering the author's background and the period.

Pigafetta's Chronicle

• Pigafetta's book is a primary source as he chronoicled events he witnessed during Magellan's voyage.
• The original Italian text losses details during translation to english
• Pigafetta, an Italian nobleman, accompanied Ferdinand Magellan and his chronicles became a "classic work of writing" known as "Interpretations of the New World.”
• The book contains important details about precolonial Philippines from Pigafetta's perspective during Magellan's expedition.
• "The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan" (PRIMO VIAGGIO INTORNO AL MONDO) was published after Pigafetta's return to Italy.
• Pigafetta wrote firsthand observations and impressions of the Far East, including the Visayas Islands.
• His accounts became a lesson of human experience and tinted as baptizers of names among a number of islands.
• The “Ladrones Islands”, now called the Marianas Islands, are located south-east of Japan, west-southeast of Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and east of the Philippines.
• Pigafetta describes natives of Ladrones Islands as “people of sticks with fishbone in the end and has no arms, very poor, indigenous and were great thieves.”

Magellan's Arrival and Interactions

• Ten days after reaching Zamal (Samar), Magellan settled in a nearby uninhabited island.
• On March 18, 1521, nine men from Samar brought food, drinks, and gifts.
• Magellan received fresh fish, palm wine, two coconuts, rice (humai), and other food supplies.
• Pigafetta described coconut trees, their fruit, and uses in fastening boats.

Encounters and Exchanges

• Pigafetta described the terrain and the locals' willingness to show different islands.
• Magellan's fleet reached Humunu Island, renamed as the "Archipelago of St. Lazarus" with "first signs of gold”.
• Pigafetta saw two indigenous boats named balangay in Mazzava (Mazaua) and the King sent gold and ginger to Magellan, who declined it.
• Magellan sent an interpreter to request food and clarify his friendly intentions.
• The King provided food, and Magellan gifted robes, red caps, knives, and mirrors.
• Leaders expressed desires to become friends and brothers, showcasing weapons, armor, maps, and charts.
• Pigafetta wrote of visiting the brother of the King on another island where they saw gold mines.
• Part of the King's Balangay was made of gold, with the King adorned with silk, gold, and a golden dagger.

Mass Celebration and Alliances

• Kings Raha Siagu, and Raha Kalambu were present.
• On March 31, 1521, Magellan ordered a Mass to celebrate Easter Sunday with the Kings sending pigs for the feast.
• The kings offered offerings, kissed the cross, and kneeled during consecration.
• Magellan explained the significance of the cross and crown, symbolizing his emperor's desire to plant the cross in their island.
• The Datu allowed the planting of the cross, believing in its protective benefits.
• This event was the first Eucharistic Catholic celebration in the Philippines.

Exploration of New Islands

• Magellan sought food supplies and then arrived to Leyte called Ceylon Island, then to Bohol and Zubu (now Cebu).
• Raja Kalambo guided Magellan to Zubu, impressed by its civilization and richness.
• The king of Zubu implemented the tributary system where entrants to his port had to obey and pay.
• Magellan offered friendship instead of tribute to the king of Zubu.

Friendship and Conversion

• Magellan and the king of Zubu underwent a blood compact.
• Visitors offered gifts to the Datu's family as customary practice.
• Magellan evangelized, highlighting Christianity's values of respect and love.
• Many natives of Zubu embraced Christianity, including the Datu, who was baptized Carlos in honor of the King of Spain.
• Magellan named the Datu's son Fernand and a Muslim native Christopher.
• Those who opposed baptism were ostracized and had their houses burned.
• Magellan gifted the queen an image of Sto. Niño (Holy Infant Jesus) and insisted on one god to be worshipped, ordering idols to be burned.
• Refusal to burn idols led to a healing ceremony, with Magellan's priest administering baptism and anointing of the sick.

Battle Of Mactan

• On April 16, 1521, Zula sought Magellan's help against Lapulapu, who defied the King of Zubu.
• Magellan went to Mactan with three boats full of his sixteen men each.
• Magellan instructed the King of Zubu not to join the battle to observe European weaponry.
• Over 1,500 Mactan warriors attacked Magellan's forces, who were divided into squads.
• Despite firing at distance, the attack persisted with arrows and spears.
• Warriors targeted legs and arms with arrows, resulting in Magellan's death.
• Magellan was stricken thrice with poisoned arrows, leading to his demise in battle.
• Natives were successful in their attacks, and the men in charge of burning houses were also targeted.

Aftermath

• The people of Mactan refused to return Magellan's body and kept it as a symbol of victory.
• Surviving crew negotiated with the Datu of Mactan but failed to retrieve Magellan's body
• Datu of Cebu, invited the crew for a gathering and intended to present jewels for the King of Spain, but an attack occurred, resulting in some being slain.
• Juan Serrano was kept for ransom but remaining crew left hearing distress
• Juan Sebastian Elcano and 17 survivors reached San Lucar de Barrameda, Spain, on September 6, 1522 and who received recognition from Emperor Charles V.
• Elcano was granted a coat-of-arms with a globe and the title "Primus Circundedisti Me" ("You went around me first").
• Pigafetta stated the voyage covered 14,460 leagues, about 81,449 kilometers.