Analysing Digital Culture Course Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary motivation behind Aspirational Labour?

  • To get paid for pursuing one's passion (correct)
  • To become famous without effort
  • To earn a stable salary from traditional employment
  • To gain high social media following

Which of the following best describes the concept of influencer creep?

  • The inclusion of promotional practices in traditional jobs (correct)
  • The rise of professional influencers in the workforce
  • The marketing strategies of big tech companies
  • The decline of authenticity in personal branding

How do platforms like Spotify affect artists in terms of self branding?

  • They promote artists without requiring self branding
  • They require artists to engage in more labor for less compensation (correct)
  • They simplify the process of self branding
  • They eliminate the need for self branding completely

What underlying question does self branding raise about authenticity?

<p>Is authenticity simply a marketing strategy? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by visibility labour in the context of self branding?

<p>Enhancing presence through algorithmic optimization and curated personas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'contrived authenticity' refer to?

<p>A strategic appearance of authenticity that is not genuine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the significance of self branding in today's digital age?

<p>Everyone participates in some form of self branding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of self branding, what does packaging oneself involve?

<p>Presenting oneself as a product with inherent value (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do digital platforms contribute to the spread of memes in culture?

<p>By enhancing user agency and social context. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'visibility labor' in the context of memes?

<p>Actions that increase the likelihood of memes being recommended by algorithms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'predatory inclusion' in the context of socio-technical systems?

<p>Inclusion of diverse categories strictly for corporate interests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memes has become more 'embodied' according to recent trends?

<p>The connection to people's physical bodies and movements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of the future direction of memes?

<p>Greater emotional and visual connection to identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category is considered the 'unmarked user' in socio-technical systems?

<p>White and male (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does AI typically classify individuals according to the socio-technical systems discussed?

<p>By analyzing patterns in existing data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'weaponised irony' play in the context of memes?

<p>It subverts traditional marketing approaches. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do recommendation algorithms impact the lifespan of memes?

<p>They encourage continuous content creation to maintain visibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does technological redlining have on marginalized communities?

<p>It limits exposure to beneficial resources and services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of 'meme marketing' by companies?

<p>Connecting with consumers through relatable, memetic vernacular. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'the coded gaze' in socio-technical systems?

<p>It reflects the views and biases of those who implement the technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of AI and discrimination, which factor is considered a traditional system of power?

<p>Patriarchy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'post-based vitality' refer to in the context of memes?

<p>The unpredictability and random nature of meme popularity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason NTechLab staff resisted the use of their face recognition technology?

<p>They were concerned about its impact on privacy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does AI utilize to transform human-defined objectives into outputs?

<p>A set of algorithms and techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how do most employees at NTechLab view their technology?

<p>As a tool for saving lives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the way AI systems affect categorised individuals?

<p>They reinforce existing stereotypes and biases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reinforcement learning in post-training alignment mentioned in the content?

<p>To adjust weights through feedback. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'algorithmic imaginary' refer to in the context provided?

<p>The ways we conceptualize and interpret algorithms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are algorithms perceived in relation to digital culture?

<p>They are influential and present in various digital platforms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mindset is suggested to be associated with the advancement of technology, according to the given content?

<p>A belief in entitlement to future resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied about algorithms in their relationship with public discourse?

<p>They can shape information flow and regulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'utopia' refer to in the context of digital media?

<p>An imaginary world with a perfect socio-political system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately captures the sentiment towards face recognition technology as expressed by a former employee of NTechLab?

<p>It contributes significantly to public safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Tumblr does Cavalcante argue contributes to its identity as a queer utopia?

<p>The unique features that support diverse expressions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does Yochai Benkler believe we need common-based peer production?

<p>To enhance collective knowledge and creativity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concern does Ruha Benjamin raise regarding space travel projects by Musk and Bezos?

<p>They are examples of harmful dreams of technology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between positive utopia (eutopia) and negative utopia (dystopia)?

<p>Eutopia is considered better than current society, while dystopia is worse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept plays a significant role in both Benkler's and Cavalcante's descriptions of digital utopia?

<p>Affordance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Wikipedia defined according to Yochai Benkler?

<p>Both an idea and a utility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core desire expressed in the concept of utopia?

<p>To construct a vision of a better world collectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of hashtags like #Jan25 and #BlackLivesMatter in the context of social media activism?

<p>They act as rallying points for collective action and awareness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does connective action differ from traditional forms of protest?

<p>Connective action primarily relies on social media for mobilization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do motivational captions play in social media activism, particularly on platforms like TikTok?

<p>They encourage sharing and mobilization for collective action. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'TikTok intifada' refers to what phenomenon?

<p>The viral spread of content supporting a specific cause among Palestinians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'affordances' in the context of communication and media studies?

<p>The capabilities that technologies offer to users, shaped by their expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one impact of the #HometoBilo campaign in Australia?

<p>It led to over 480,000 Australians signing the movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social media platforms provide visibility for protest movements according to the content?

<p>They enable access to live updates from protests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes connective collective action from merely sharing posts on social media?

<p>It involves engagement through calls to action rather than just sharing content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Connective Collective Action

The phenomenon of people connecting and acting collectively online using hashtags and social media platforms to address a certain issue.

Virtuality

When online platforms allow people to organize and participate in public matters, forming networked societies.

Self-branding work

The relentless work required to build and maintain a digital presence, often done for little to no compensation, especially within creative industries.

Call to Action

The difference between simply sharing a post and actively calling for action on a specific issue.

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Hashtag Advocacy

The use of a hashtag to raise awareness and mobilize support around a specific issue, often related to social justice or humanitarian crises.

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Aspirational Labour

Uncompensated, independent work driven by the ideal of making a living doing what you love, often involving self-promotion and building an online persona.

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Influencer Creep

A form of self-promotion that applies micro-celebrity techniques across different professions and aspects of life, blurring the lines between personal and professional.

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TikTok Intifada

The use of social media platforms, particularly TikTok, to mobilize people for political action and protest, creating a rapid and widespread response.

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Self-Branding

The practice of presenting oneself as a product with inherent value, requiring careful packaging and online communication, often driven by the need to stand out in a crowded digital landscape.

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Affordances

The idea that people use technology based on their perceptions, expectations, and the way technology functions, influencing the intentions of designers.

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Increasing Visibility

Making something more visible to a wider audience through online platforms, increasing the reach of a message or cause.

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Digital Self-Optimization

The practice of optimizing one's online presence to increase algorithmic visibility and create a curated digital persona, often involving strategic use of keywords, hashtags, and engagement tactics.

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Celebrity Affiliation

The use of public figures or celebrities to promote a cause or message, often using visual elements such as pictures and emojis.

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Contrived Authenticity

The perceived authenticity displayed on social media platforms, which can be carefully curated and strategically managed to create a desired image.

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Authenticity vs. Selling Out

The blurring of lines between self-promotion and selling out, raising questions about the nature of authenticity and the impact of digital self-presentation on personal values.

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Visibility Labor

The labor involved in managing one's online visibility, which includes promoting oneself, creating content, and engaging with an audience, often with the expectation of future rewards.

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How do platforms influence memes?

Digital platforms and the attention economy play a crucial role in spreading and shaping memes by influencing their format, visibility, and virality.

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What does 'embodied' mean in the context of memes?

Memes on platforms like TikTok often feature embodied elements, incorporating movements, music, and physical locations.

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Why are 'embodied' memes more viral?

Memes with embodied elements are often more engaging and easily spread due to their visual, emotional, and participatory nature.

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What role does the recommendation algorithm play in meme virality?

The 'recommendation algorithm' on platforms determines which content is shown to users, influencing the visibility and spread of memes.

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What are the characteristics of TikTok memes?

Memes on platforms like TikTok are often characterized by unpredictability and a focus on quick, engaging content.

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What is 'meme marketing'?

The trend of companies creating memes that align with online trends and viral movements is known as 'meme marketing.'

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Why do companies use meme marketing?

Meme marketing aims to connect companies with audiences by utilizing the language and humor of online memes.

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What makes meme marketing successful?

Memes often incorporate elements of authenticity, humor, and subversion of traditional marketing strategies, making them more relatable and engaging to audiences.

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Coded Gaze

The idea that technical systems, like social media platforms, embed and reinforce existing social biases and power structures. This leads to discrimination against marginalized groups, often through the use of algorithms that categorize and target users based on their perceived identity.

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Unmarked User

The default user in many online platforms is assumed to be white and male, with other groups being added in a fragmented and often biased way. This results in a system that caters to the dominant group, while potentially neglecting the needs and experiences of others.

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Predatory Inclusion

This occurs when systems categorize and target users for corporate gain, potentially ignoring or even exploiting the interests of marginalized groups. This can involve targeting specific groups with harmful or exploitative content, often without their consent.

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AI Datafication of Humans

The process of using AI systems to categorize and infer information about individuals, often based on personal data and online activity. This process can lead to the creation of biased profiles that reinforce existing stereotypes and social inequalities.

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Technology is Not Neutral

The idea that technology is not neutral but reflects the values and biases of those who create it. This highlights the responsibility of developers to consider the potential consequences of their work and to mitigate harmful impacts on various communities.

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Utopia

A society characterized by perfect harmony, ideal conditions, and lack of problems. It often serves as a fictional model for social improvement.

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Positive Utopia (Eutopia)

A utopian narrative that focuses on the positive aspects of a society or technology, highlighting its potential for human flourishing.

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Negative Utopia (Dystopia)

A utopian narrative that emphasizes the negative aspects of a society or technology, often depicting a nightmare scenario.

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Utopia (Thomas More)

A fictional island with a supposedly perfect socio-political-legal system, depicted in Sir Thomas More's book 'Utopia' (1516). This concept has become synonymous with the idea of a perfect society.

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Common-based Peer Production

The process of collaboratively creating and sharing information, resources, and services through online platforms. It is a core principle of the internet and emphasizes collective effort and decentralized control.

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Human Flourishing

The capacity for humans to thrive and flourish, reaching their full potential in all aspects of life. It involves well-being, meaning, and personal growth.

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Utility

The ability of a technology or platform to provide practical value, addressing real-world needs and improving user experience.

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Algorithmic Imaginary

The way we think and feel about algorithms, influenced by their integration into our lives, datafication, public discourse, and regulation.

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Tokenization

A process of converting text into a sequence of numerical values, allowing computer processing.

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Embeddings/Vectors

Representations of words, phrases, or sentences as numerical vectors, capturing semantic relationships between words.

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Transformers (Attention)

Deep learning models that utilize attention mechanisms to process sequences of data, like text or code.

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Post-Training Alignment

Fine-tuning pre-trained language models with human feedback, usually via reinforcement learning, to align their responses with desired behaviors.

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Foundation Models

Large language models (LLMs) trained on massive datasets, capable of performing various language-related tasks including text generation, translation, and summarization.

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Manifest Destiny (AI)

The belief that progress and control over technology are inevitable, even if it comes at the cost of societal impact.

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Algorithms in Digital Culture

The use of algorithms and AI in various aspects of digital culture, including social media, online platforms, and entertainment.

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Study Notes

Notes from Lectures: Analysing Digital Culture

  • Analysing digital culture involves questioning how digital media are designed, produced, accessed, consumed, and how they communicate about culture.

What is analysing digital culture?

  • A survey course
  • A critical thinking course, requiring memory work and analysis
  • Not a writing-based course

Course Schedule:

  • Visual Culture (Weeks 2, 3, 4)
  • Critical Culture (Weeks 5, 6, 7)
  • Frontend (Weeks 10, 11, 12)
  • Backend (Weeks 13, 14, 15)

First Lecturer: Dr Lucia Bainotti

  • Visual Culture
  • Feminism
  • Gender studies

Lesson 1: Self-Representation

  • Definitions:
    • Self-presentation
    • Self-branding
  • If you aren't online, you don't exist (contemporary self)

The Contemporary Self:

  • The self as a reflective project (Giddens, 1991)
  • A flexible personality, constantly adapting to changes in the hope of achieving stability (Whitmer, 2018)
  • The relationship between capitalist accumulation, precariousness, and flexibility of the self in the job market

Presentation of the Self in the Age of Social Media

  • Self-presentation online is a premeditated display of the self,
  • Individuals consider how their audience might react(Hogan,2010)
    • Pictures/posts on Tinder vs LinkedIn
  • Self-presentation is influenced by the structure/affordances of the platform.

Self-Presentation Meets Self-Branding

  • Self-branding involves individuals viewing themselves as products to be marketed. (Whitmer, 2019)
  • Self-branding is a set of practices constructing an image of the self, a persuasive packaging and a promotional persona.
  • The self becomes a brand and a product, becoming a source of economic value.

The Attention Economy

  • The attention economy involves paying, receiving, and seeking the attention of other human beings. (Goldhaber, 2006)
  • This attention is limited and non-replaceable. (Goldhaber, 2006) (Abidin, 2020:82)

### Visibility Labour

  • Visibility labor is work that social media users perform to be noticed, including self-posturing and curation of self-presentations. (Abidn, 2006; 2018)
  • This involves accounting for algorithmic visibility

Algorithmic Visibility

  • Content creators need to be noticed by platform algorithms to be visible to their intended audiences.

Week 3 - Memes (17th September)

  • Reading Guide:
    • How have memes in digital culture changed?
    • How do platforms shape engagement with memes?
    • Where do internet memes come from?

Past: Origins, Definitions, Critiques

  • Memes are units of culture (like genes or viruses) that replicate themselves (Dawkins, 1976)
  • Memes seek to copy themselves, a concept that has been rejected by researchers for not considering human agency.
  • Examples include recipes, folk songs, and “The God Meme."

Week 4 - Exploring Platform Vernaculars and Affordances

  • Affordances: are the possibilities for action that objects offer to people.

  • Affordances mediate between technology features and their outcomes, shaping user action and experiences.

  • Affordances are social constructs.

  • Hidden affordances - are when technology doesnt force people to do things.

Platform Vernaculars

  • AAVE (African American Vernacular English)
  • Everyday and ordinary communication patterns within a given platform.

Funeral and Instagram: Death, Social Media, Platform Vernacular

  • Selfies (#sexy)
  • Self-presentation (e.g. formal dress in Western culture)
  • Self-promotion
  • Architectural Detail and Natural Environments (e.g., sky, trees)
  • Platform-specific language
  • How do users adapt to the affordances of the platform to communicate their experiences or create narratives around grief, death?

### Week 5 - Digital Activisms

  • Social media as a tool for activism

Week 3 - Memes 17 September

  • Reading Guide:
    • How have memes in digital culture changed from their inception to now (2024)?
    • Do platforms structure the way we engage with internet memes?
    • Where do internet memes come from?

Week 2, 10 September 

  •  What is analysed digital culture?
  • definitions: Self-presentation & Self-branding
  • the contemporary self - self as reflective project, flexible personality, relationship between capitalist acc & precariousness

Week 10 - Algorithms & Fictions

  • Algorithms have a strong hold on public imaginations but are real, socio-technical objects.
  • Algorithms and their function have been fundamentally changed by the rise of AI
  • How are algorithms both codified in a process and something that is performed within social practices

Week 11 - Al & Discrimination

  • Classifications are used fundamentally in algorithmic systems and processes, and can be based on prejudices
  • Al systems reproduce bias through historical use cases (e.g., the HOLC)
  • Explain how algorithms encode these historical forms of bias in order to produce current outcomes.

Week 12 - Content Moderation

  • How does content moderation affect different groups on platform?
  • Explain how content moderation serves a role in the platform's business model.
  • What ethical dilemmas are posed (for example, the ethics of speech) through the moderating of platforms?
  • Define how "soft" and "hard" moderation differs

Week 14 - Platform Labour

  • Context: The rise (and fall?) of the gig economy.
  • What are platform labours and why should we study them?
  • What are labor's characteristics within a platform?

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Explore the critical aspects of digital culture in this survey course. Analyze how media shapes our self-representation and understand concepts like self-branding. Engage with topics such as visual culture, feminism, and gender studies under the guidance of Dr. Lucia Bainotti.

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