Analog vs Digital Systems Overview

Analog vs Digital Systems

• Analog signals are continuous, while digital signals are discrete (finite).
• Analog systems are susceptible to noise and signal degradation over distance.
• Digital systems have limited resolution, while analog systems have infinite resolution.
• Analog systems are easier to program and reconfigure, while digital systems are faster and smoother in real-time.

Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC)

• ADCs convert continuous analog signals into discrete digital values.
• Resolution is related to the number of bits (higher bits = finer resolution).
• Sampling rate is the frequency at which the analog signal is sampled.
• Resolution, sampling rate, and input range affect ADC accuracy and performance.

Digital Logic Gates

• AND: Output is 1 if all inputs are 1; otherwise, 0.
• OR: Output is 1 if at least one input is 1; otherwise, 0.
• XOR: Output is 1 if exactly one input is 1; otherwise, 0.
• NAND: Output is 0 if all inputs are 1; otherwise, 1.
• NOR: Output is 1 if none of the inputs are 1; otherwise, 0.

Logic Operations

• Binary: Uses 0 and 1.
• Bit: Single binary digit (0 or 1).
• Nibble: 4 bits.
• Byte: 8 bits.
• Word: Multiple of a byte.
• Number representation: Max number = (2ⁿ−1) given n bits

Parity

• Parity checking determines if a word has an odd or even number of 1s.

Logic Simplification

• Karnaugh maps (K-maps) are graphical tools for simplifying logic expressions, minimizing the number of logic gates needed.
• Suitable for 4-6 variables and beyond.

Key Differences

• Analog data is continuous; digital data has finite possible values.
• Analog signals usually have infinite possible values, and are more susceptible to noise.
• Digital systems have discrete values (0 or 1) making them less sensitive to noise.

Hybrid Systems

• These systems combine analog and digital components.
• Sensors often produce analog data which is then converted for processing by digital circuits.