Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two main classifications of analgesics?
What are the two main classifications of analgesics?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an endogenous opioid?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an endogenous opioid?
Opioid receptors are G-protein coupled receptors.
Opioid receptors are G-protein coupled receptors.
True
Which of the following is a desirable pharmacological action of opioids?
Which of the following is a desirable pharmacological action of opioids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main concern with opioids in regards to chronic pain management?
What is the main concern with opioids in regards to chronic pain management?
Signup and view all the answers
Opioids act primarily on mu and kappa receptors.
Opioids act primarily on mu and kappa receptors.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most annoying adverse effect of opioids in chronic pain management?
What is the most annoying adverse effect of opioids in chronic pain management?
Signup and view all the answers
Opioids can be used to treat diarrhea.
Opioids can be used to treat diarrhea.
Signup and view all the answers
Tolerance to an opioid can lead to tolerance to another opioid.
Tolerance to an opioid can lead to tolerance to another opioid.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of opioid withdrawal?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of opioid withdrawal?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main pharmacological action of naloxone?
What is the main pharmacological action of naloxone?
Signup and view all the answers
Pentazocine is classified as a mixed agonist/antagonist.
Pentazocine is classified as a mixed agonist/antagonist.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic indication for opioids?
Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic indication for opioids?
Signup and view all the answers
Buprenorphine and methadone are used to reduce dependence on opioids.
Buprenorphine and methadone are used to reduce dependence on opioids.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute opioid toxicity?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of acute opioid toxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first-line treatment for acute opioid toxicity?
What is the first-line treatment for acute opioid toxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
Antipyretics are used to treat fever and pain.
Antipyretics are used to treat fever and pain.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT an isoenzyme of cyclooxygenase?
Which of the following is NOT an isoenzyme of cyclooxygenase?
Signup and view all the answers
COX-2 inhibition is generally associated with fewer adverse effects than COX-1 inhibition.
COX-2 inhibition is generally associated with fewer adverse effects than COX-1 inhibition.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?
Which of the following is an example of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?
Signup and view all the answers
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase.
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary pharmacological action of acetaminophen?
What is the primary pharmacological action of acetaminophen?
Signup and view all the answers
Acetaminophen is considered to be safer than aspirin for chronic use.
Acetaminophen is considered to be safer than aspirin for chronic use.
Signup and view all the answers
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity.
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of COX-2 inhibitors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of COX-2 inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
OTC drugs are generally safe and effective when used as directed.
OTC drugs are generally safe and effective when used as directed.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used OTC drug?
Which of the following is NOT a commonly used OTC drug?
Signup and view all the answers
Antihistamines are effective in alleviating symptoms associated with an allergic reaction.
Antihistamines are effective in alleviating symptoms associated with an allergic reaction.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common side effect of antihistamines?
Which of the following is a common side effect of antihistamines?
Signup and view all the answers
Decongestants are recommended for children under the age of 6.
Decongestants are recommended for children under the age of 6.
Signup and view all the answers
Antitussives suppress the cough center in the medulla.
Antitussives suppress the cough center in the medulla.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main mechanism of action of expectorants?
What is the main mechanism of action of expectorants?
Signup and view all the answers
Proton pump inhibitors are the most potent acid suppressors available.
Proton pump inhibitors are the most potent acid suppressors available.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of proton pump inhibitors?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of proton pump inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
Sucralfate is a viscous paste that protects the gastric mucosa.
Sucralfate is a viscous paste that protects the gastric mucosa.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a common side effect of prostaglandin analogs?
Which of the following is a common side effect of prostaglandin analogs?
Signup and view all the answers
Bismuth compounds are often used in combination with proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics.
Bismuth compounds are often used in combination with proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics.
Signup and view all the answers
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacteria responsible for the majority of peptic ulcer disease cases.
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacteria responsible for the majority of peptic ulcer disease cases.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended duration of treatment for H. pylori infection?
What is the recommended duration of treatment for H. pylori infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four drugs commonly used in quadruple therapy for H. pylori infection?
What are the four drugs commonly used in quadruple therapy for H. pylori infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Analgesics
- Analgesics are used to relieve pain.
- Narcotic analgesics (opioids) are strong pain relievers.
- Non-narcotic analgesics (antipyretics) reduce fever and pain.
Types of Opioids
- Endogenous opioids include endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins.
- Plant alkaloids like morphine, codeine, and thebaine are extracted from plants.
- Semisynthetic opioids are modified versions of natural opioids.
- Synthetic opioids are completely man-made. Examples: diamorphine (heroin), oxycodone, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, pethidine, methadone, fentanyl, tramadol, and pentazocine.
Pharmacology of Opioids
- Opioids bind to specific receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and other tissues.
- Opioid receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors.
- Types of opioid receptors include delta, kappa, and mu receptors.
Pharmacological Actions of Opioids
- Desirable: analgesia (pain relief), sedation (calmness), antitussive (cough suppression).
- Undesirable: nausea/vomiting, respiratory depression, mental clouding, and confusion.
Therapeutic Indications of Opioids
- Pain (severe cases)
- Anxiety (sedative effects)
- Cough (sometimes codeine)
- Diarrhea (opium only)
Opioids Dependence
- Tolerance: increased dose needed for the same effect after repeated use.
- Addiction: compulsive drug use due to psychological attachment to the drug's effects.
- Physical Dependence: developing withdrawal syndrome after cessation of drug use or administration of an opioid antagonist.
Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
- CNS stimulation
- Tachypnea
- Tachycardia and hypertension
- Severe flu-like symptoms
- Yawning, lacrimation, diaphoresis
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Abdominal and leg cramping
Opioid Antagonists
- Opioid antagonists, such as naloxone, are used to reverse opioid overdose.
- Naloxone is a competitive opioid receptor antagonist, meaning it competes with opioids for receptor binding.
Acute Opioid Toxicity
- Mild: pinpoint pupils, hypoventilation, hypotension, bradycardia, flaccid muscles
- Severe: severe respiratory depression leading to arrest, severe cardiovascular depression, seizures, and coma.
Antipyretics
- Antipyretics are medications that reduce fever.
- Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes are involved in fever and inflammation.
Types of Antipyretics
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) include acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), ibuprofen, and naproxen.
- Acetaminophen (paracetamol)
Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA)
- Mechanism: Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2.
- Uses: Pain relief, fever reduction, anti-platelet effects.
- Adverse effects: Bleeding, GI upset, and Bronchial asthma.
- Risks: Risk of Reye's syndrome in children.
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
- Mechanism: Inhibits COX enzyme activity.
- Uses: Pain relief and fever reduction.
- Adverse effects: liver damage if taken in high doses
OTC Drugs
- OTC drugs (Over-the-Counter) are medications available without a prescription at drugstores or supermarkets.
- General characteristics: safe with recommended doses, limited toxicity with self-limiting symptoms, and effective (but possibly less potent than prescription).
Cold Preparations
- Antihistamines: reduce allergy symptoms by blocking histamine receptors.
- Decongestants: constrict nasal blood vessels to relieve congestion.
- Antitussives: reduce coughing.
- Expectorants: loosen mucus for easier expulsion.
Expectorants
- Mechanism: increase volume and reduce viscosity of bronchial secretions, allowing cilia to expel loosened secretions.
- Indications: productive coughs.
OTC Anti-Ulcer Drugs
- Antacids
- H2 blockers
- Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Drug Interactions
- Combining certain OTC drugs with other medications can lead to adverse effects.
- Many OTC and prescription drugs can interact causing unintended consequences or making each other less effective.
Peptic Ulcer and H. Pylori
- Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacterium associated with peptic ulcer disease.
- Treatment options (to eradicate H. pylori): Triple therapy, Quadruple therapy
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers key concepts about analgesics, focusing on both narcotic and non-narcotic types. It explores the various classifications of opioids, their pharmacology, and their desirable and undesirable effects. Test your knowledge on pain relief medications and their mechanisms of action.
