Anaerobic Bacteria and Clostridium spp.
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Questions and Answers

Which disease is associated with the presence of Rickettsiae and is transmitted by lice?

  • Scrub typhus
  • Rickettsialpox
  • Trench Fever
  • Epidemic typhus (correct)

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by Rickettsial infections?

  • Endemic typhus
  • Malaria (correct)
  • Brill-Zinsser disease
  • Trench Fever

What is the incubation period for Scrub typhus?

  • 2-10 days (correct)
  • 1-3 days
  • 10-21 days
  • 7-14 days

Which of the following diseases is characterized by both a positive and negative reaction for Rickettsiae?

<p>Brill-Zinsser disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vector is primarily responsible for the transmission of Endemic typhus?

<p>Fleas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diseases are associated with C. trachomatis?

<p>Trachoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inclusions are present in C. trachomatis?

<p>Glycogen-containing inclusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stains is used for C. trachomatis identification?

<p>Lugol’s Iodine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about C. psittaci is true?

<p>It has a round elementary body morphology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of serovars for C. trachomatis?

<p>20 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these microorganisms is known to be resistant to sulfonamides?

<p>C. pneumoniae (A), C. psittaci (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates C. pneumoniae from C. trachomatis?

<p>It does not contain glycogen inclusions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the elementary body morphology of C. pneumoniae?

<p>Pear-shaped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily treated with Botox related to Clostridium botulinum?

<p>Strabismus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor in the success of anaerobic cultures?

<p>Transport of the specimen under anaerobic conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specimen type is considered unacceptable for anaerobic bacteria collection?

<p>Sputum from expectoration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infant botulism is primarily caused by what means?

<p>Ingesting the organism from honey or breastfeeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a preventive measure against foodborne botulism?

<p>Cooking canned goods properly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with botulism?

<p>High fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refrigeration of specimens can have what negative effect on anaerobic bacteria?

<p>Results in oxidative damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of botulism?

<p>Coughing fits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth is associated with septicum on plated media?

<p>Smooth swarming growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which culture medium is primarily used for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxin Type B?

<p>Cell Culture Cytotoxicity Test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic indicates a positive Reverse CAMP Test confirming the presence of C. perfringens?

<p>Reverse Arrowhead formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is considered the definitive identification test for Clostridium botulinum?

<p>Mouse Neutralization Test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Cooked Meat Broth in microbiological studies?

<p>To grow anaerobic organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which non-selective culture medium is typically used for Gas-Liquid Chromatography?

<p>Peptone-Yeast Extract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common mistake is made regarding Clostridium tertium's classification?

<p>It is often labeled as a facultative anaerobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the visual indicator of lecithinase reaction produced by C. perfringens on EYA plate?

<p>Yellowish-Egg color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic red lesion associated with the first stage of Lyme disease called?

<p>Erythema Migrans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known symptom of the first stage of Lyme disease?

<p>Headache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the relapsing nature of infections caused by Borrelia?

<p>High mutation rate affecting antigenicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment can Leptospira spp. survive in?

<p>Neutral or slightly alkaline waters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is preferred for the cultivation of Leptospira spp.?

<p>Guinea Pigs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy method is effective for observing Leptospira spp.?

<p>Dark-Field Microscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific appearance characterizes the Erythema Migrans lesion?

<p>Red, ring-shaped with central clearing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant virulence factor of Leptospira spp.?

<p>Hemolysin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary metabolic capability of Ureaplasma urealyticum?

<p>Urea metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is commonly associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum in men?

<p>Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of colonies does Mycoplasma pneumoniae form on culture medium?

<p>Fried egg colonies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which culture medium component is commonly used for Mycoplasma species?

<p>Beef/Soybean Protein with serum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what pH range do Ureaplasma species prefer to grow?

<p>5.5-6.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucose (dextrose) in the culture media for mycoplasmas?

<p>It serves as an energy source. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mycoplasma species is most frequently linked to conditions like cervicitis and endometriosis?

<p>Mycoplasma genitalium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mycoplasma species is NOT linked with respiratory diseases when isolated from tracheal aspirates of infants?

<p>Mycoplasma genitalium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Clostridium difficile Transport

Clostridium difficile specimens should be transported at 4°C to preserve the bacteria.

Botulism Toxin Type A

Botulism toxin type A is used in Botox treatments to relax muscles, and can cause botulism illness if ingested.

What is the crucial factor for successful anaerobic culture?

The crucial factor for successful anaerobic culture is transporting the specimen quickly and maintaining minimal oxygen exposure as anaerobic bacteria are sensitive to oxygen.

Why is refrigeration unacceptable for anaerobic specimens?

Refrigeration is a form of oxidation, which can kill anaerobic bacteria making it unsuitable for specimen storage.

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Foodborne Botulism

Foodborne botulism occurs from ingesting preformed botulism toxin in non-acidic foods like preserved vegetables or meat.

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Botulism Main Features

Botulism main features include double or blurred vision, impaired speech, difficulty swallowing, weakness, and paralysis.

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Infant Botulism

Infant botulism happens when infants ingest Clostridium botulinum spores from sources like honey or breast milk.

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Botulism Prevention

Properly heating or cooking canned goods can prevent botulism by destroying botulism toxins.

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Rickettsia

A genus of bacteria that causes various diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors like ticks, fleas, and lice.

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Epidemic Typhus

A severe, potentially fatal disease caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by body lice.

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Endemic Typhus

A milder form of typhus caused by Rickettsia typhi, commonly transmitted by rat fleas.

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Brill-Zinsser Disease

A recurrent form of epidemic typhus, occurring years after the initial infection.

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Rickettsialpox

A mild rickettsial disease contracted through the bite of infected mites.

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C. perfringens Type A

A type of Clostridium perfringens that produces lecithinase, an enzyme that breaks down lipids.

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EYA Plate

A culture plate that specifically inhibits the growth of Clostridium perfringens Type A.

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C. tertium

A type of Clostridium that grows minimally on aerotolerance plates, often mistaken for a facultative anaerobe.

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Reverse CAMP Test

A test used to confirm the presence of Clostridium perfringens by detecting its lecithinase production.

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Cell Culture Cytotoxicity Test

The gold standard test for detecting Clostridium difficile toxin Type B.

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Spot Indole Test

A differential test to distinguish Clostridium bifermentans and C. sordelii from other Clostridium species based on their ability to produce indole.

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Cooked Meat Broth

A non-selective culture medium used to grow anaerobic organisms, especially Clostridium species.

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Anaerobic Blood Agar

A culture medium used for growing both anaerobes and facultative anaerobes, which can also grow in the presence of oxygen.

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Chlamydia trachomatis

A type of bacteria that causes several sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and eye infections.

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LGV

Lymphogranuloma venereum, a sexually transmitted infection caused by specific strains of Chlamydia trachomatis.

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Trachoma

An eye infection caused by specific strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, leading to blindness if untreated.

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Inclusion conjunctivitis

An eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, often in newborns.

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Halbertstadler-Prowazek bodies

The characteristic round, vacuolar inclusion bodies formed inside host cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis.

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Serovar

A distinct strain of a species, like bacteria, identified with a specific antigen.

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Sulfonamide susceptibility

The sensitivity of bacteria to a class of antibiotics called sulfonamides.

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Psittacosis

A respiratory infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci, usually from birds.

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Ureaplasma urealyticum

A type of mycoplasma that can metabolize urea. It is associated with Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men and can be found in low-birth-weight infants with respiratory diseases.

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Mycoplasma genitalium

A type of mycoplasma linked to NGU, cervicitis, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It is also associated with tubal sterility and is more common in men with acute NGU.

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What is a unique characteristic of Ureaplasma urealyticum?

It has the ability to metabolize urea, a compound found in urine.

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What is the role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in NGU?

It is a common cause of Non-gonococcal urethritis in men, a sexually transmitted infection.

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What is the role of Mycoplasma genitalium in reproductive health?

It is linked to various reproductive infections like cervicitis, endometriosis, PID, and tubal sterility.

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What are the cultural characteristics of Mycoplasma?

Mycoplasma species often grow in a 'fried egg' colony shape on culture plates. Ureaplasma, on the other hand, appears as dark brownish clumps.

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What are some key factors for growing Mycoplasma in culture?

They require specific media containing glucose, urea/arginine, and low levels of SPS. They also need a controlled environment with 5-10% CO2 and a sealed container.

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How is Ureaplasma urealyticum different from Mycoplasma?

Ureaplasma urealyticum can metabolize urea, while Mycoplasma cannot. Ureaplasma typically grows in darker clumps, while Mycoplasma forms 'fried egg' colonies.

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Lyme Disease: Erythema Migrans

A characteristic red, ring-shaped skin lesion with a central clearing that appears at the site of a tick bite. It is diagnostic of Lyme disease's first stage.

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Lyme Disease: Stages

Lyme disease progresses in three stages: Erythema Migrans (first stage), Neurological and Cardiac problems (second stage), and Arthritis (third stage).

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Lyme Disease: Relapse

Relapses in Lyme disease occur due to the Borrelia bacteria altering its antigens, making the host's immune system less effective.

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Leptospira SpP. (Pathogenic)

These obligate aerobic spirochetes, primarily L. interrogans, cause leptospirosis. They survive in water and are shed in animal urine.

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Leptospira SpP. (Microscopy)

Leptospira are thin, flexible organisms with a 'question mark-like' shape, often seen as chains of cocci. They are difficult to stain and require special techniques.

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Leptospira SpP. (Virulence Factor)

Leptospira produce hemolysin, a toxin that damages red blood cells.

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Leptospira SpP. (Cultivation)

Leptospira can be grown on artificial media and their preferred hosts are hamsters and guinea pigs.

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Leptospira SpP. (Survival)

Leptospira can survive in neutral or slightly alkaline water for months, making them a persistent threat.

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Study Notes

Anaerobic Bacteria

  • Indicators of anaerobic bacteria include foul odor upon opening an anaerobic jar, presence of sulfur granules, and brick-red fluorescence.

Clostridium spp.

  • Clostridium spp. are obligate anaerobes, gram-positive, spore-forming rods commonly found in exogenous infections.
  • Clostridium perfringens is the most pathogenic species among Clostridia. It contains endospores, capsule, and double hemolytic reaction.
  • Clostridium spp. possess virulence factors such as collagenase, hyaluronidase, lecithinase, and phospholipase.
  • These virulence factors contribute to the spreading factor, cell destruction, and necrotizing infections.
  • Clostridium septicum is a marker for malignancy in gastrointestinal tract. Clostridium sordelii is the only urease-positive Clostridium.

Clinical Infections of C. perfringens

  • Gas gangrene/myonecrosis is a life-threatening condition causing muscle tissue destruction.
  • Food poisoning/enteritis necroticans involves toxin ingestion from contaminated foods like vegetables and meat.
  • Symptoms include foul stool and abdominal cramps.

Clostridium tetani

  • Spore-forming bacilli in hospital, soil dust, feces.
  • Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin) causes muscle stiffness. Symptoms include "lockjaw," distorted grin," and muscle spasms (tetanic triad).

Clostridium botulinum

  • Subterminal spores found in soil and aquatic sediments.
  • Botulinum toxin causes food poisoning; often contaminated, preserved, or poorly cooked foods.
  • Toxin attacks the nervous system; symptoms include blurred vision, speech difficulty, weakness, and paralysis.
  • These infections are often complicated by antibiotic use and treatment for various infections, including urinary tract infections and soft tissue infections.

Indicators of Anaerobic Bacteria

  • Foul odor from anaerobic jar
  • Sulfur granules, characteristic of certain species
  • Brick-red fluorescence from specific species

Clostridioides difficile

  • Most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis.
  • Produce Glutamate Dehydrogenase, for toxin determination.
  • Associated virulence factors include Enterotoxin A and Cytotoxin B.

Other Species of Anaerobic Bacteria

  • Bacteroides fragilis, frequently found in blood cultures and a major cause of intra-abdominal abscesses
  • Actinomyces israelii is the most common cause of actinomycosis, a chronic and granulomatous infectious disease characterized by the formation of sinus tracts and abscesses.
  • Cutibacterium acnes is common in the skin and often a cause of infections after surgical procedures.
  • Mobiluncus spp. are part of bacterial vaginosis.
  • Prevotella melanogenica is frequently isolated from gingival and periapical tooth infections, breasts, axillary, perianal, and male genital infections.
  • Porphyromonas is commonly isolated in intra-abdominal infections.
  • Fusobacterium is frequent in various infections

Treatment of Anaerobic Infections

  • Treatment often involves surgical drainage combined with antimicrobial therapy.
  • Beta-lactamase-producing anaerobes may require beta-lactams and beta-lactamase inhibitors.

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MICR 111 Lesson 15: Anaerobic Bacteria PDF

Description

This quiz covers the key concepts related to anaerobic bacteria, specifically focusing on Clostridium species. You will learn about their characteristics, virulence factors, and clinical infections they cause, such as gas gangrene. Test your knowledge on this vital topic in microbiology.

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