Amsco APUSH Chapter 30 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What were the Balkan Wars a reminder of?

  • World War I (correct)
  • The Cold War
  • World War II (correct)
  • The Great Depression

What is 'ethnic cleansing'?

A campaign that leads to the killing or removal of members of specific ethnic or religious groups.

What does nuclear proliferation refer to?

The growing development of nuclear weapons in countries such as North Korea, India, and Pakistan.

What was granted to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip?

<p>Home rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

The European Union had 15 members by 2002.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the World Trade Organization?

<p>To oversee trade agreements, enforce trade rules, and settle disputes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The G-8 is made up of the world's largest industrial powers, including $$ and $$.

<p>Canada, Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries are predicted to surpass older industrial powers in the 21st century?

<p>China, India, Brazil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the effects of globalization on workers in wealthier nations?

<p>Workers and unions resented globalization as they lost jobs to cheaper labor markets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases to their descriptions:

<p>Prosperity of 1990s = Inflation down, stocks up, households worth up, unemployment down Technology boom = Personal computers, software, Internet, cable, wireless communications Growth of Hispanics = Fastest growing segment of the population in 2000 Single-parent families = 12.8 million in 2000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Income distribution is equal across all races, genders, and education levels.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some concerns associated with 'graying' America?

<p>Health care, prescription drugs, senior housing, and social security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Immigration Act of 1986 aim to achieve?

<p>To create a fair entry process for immigrants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the distribution of income like in 1999?

<p>The top fifth of Americans received more than half of all income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the debate over freedom encompass?

<p>Equal rights versus freedom from big government and personal rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Milton Friedman?

<p>Free market economist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are political action committees (PACs)?

<p>Political action committees that oppose big government and various social policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Proposition 13?

<p>A measure that sharply cut property taxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Arthur Laffer?

<p>A conservative economist who believed that tax cuts would increase government revenues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does religious fundamentalism support?

<p>Support for prayer in schools and teaching creationism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were televangelists?

<p>Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, and Jim Baker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Moral Majority do?

<p>Financed campaigns to unseat liberal members of Congress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Roe v. Wade?

<p>Legalized abortion and sparked the right-to-life movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reverse discrimination?

<p>When whites blamed affirmative action for their troubles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ruling in Regents of University of California v. Bakke?

<p>The Supreme Court ruled that racial quotas were unconstitutional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in the election of 1980?

<p>Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Ronald Reagan?

<p>President from 1981-1989 who led a conservative movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is supply-side economics?

<p>Tax cuts and reduced government spending to increase investment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'trickle-down' economics?

<p>Economic policy where benefits for the wealthy would also benefit the middle class and the poor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981?

<p>A measure that cut personal income taxes by 25 percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was business deregulation?

<p>Reducing federal regulations on business and industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the PACO strike?

<p>Federal air traffic controllers were fired for violating their contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Sandra Day O'Connor?

<p>The first woman appointed to the Supreme Court.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the growth of upper incomes?

<p>Well-educated workers and yuppies enjoyed higher incomes while the middle class stagnated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to budget and trade deficits?

<p>Tax cuts combined with increases in military spending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in the election of 1984?

<p>Reagan won by a landslide over Walter Mondale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Reagan expand the military?

<p>To combat the Soviet Union and prepare for potential threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Strategic Defense Initiative?

<p>A high-tech missile defense system proposal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Iran-Contra affair?

<p>Reagan sold weapons to Iran to fund the contras in Nicaragua.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Tiananmen Square protests?

<p>The Chinese government crushed the pro-democracy demonstrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurred during the breakup of the Soviet Union?

<p>Many republics declared independence, leading to the end of the Soviet government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the START I agreement achieve?

<p>Reduced nuclear warheads to under 10,000 for each side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of NAFTA?

<p>To create a free-trade zone with Canada and Mexico.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Oklahoma City bombing?

<p>It resulted in 169 deaths and was one of the worst domestic terror acts until 9/11.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Brady Bill?

<p>To mandate a five-day waiting period for handguns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who won the election of 1992?

<p>Bill Clinton over George H.W. Bush.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of Clinton's impeachment?

<p>Tried and acquitted by the Senate for perjury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about Madeline K. Albright?

<p>She was the first woman to serve as Secretary of State.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurred during the Yugoslavia civil war?

<p>A civil war broke out following the disintegration of Yugoslavia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of welfare reform in 1996?

<p>Limited benefits to five years under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Conservative Shift (1970s)

A move away from liberal policies in the 1970s, influenced by figures like Milton Friedman advocating for free market principles.

PACs (Political Action Committees)

Groups formed to influence government policies, often involved in debates on social issues like gun control, welfare, and affirmative action.

Proposition 13

A ballot initiative reducing property taxes, representing anti-tax sentiment.

Laffer Curve

Theoretical concept proposing that tax cuts can lead to increased government revenue (Arthur Laffer).

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Religious Fundamentalists (Reagan)

Religious groups strongly supporting Reagan, advocating for school prayer and anti-abortion policies.

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Televangelists

Religious leaders using television to reach millions, combining faith with political goals.

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Moral Majority

Organization supporting conservative candidates in elections, financed by Jerry Falwell.

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Roe v. Wade

Supreme Court ruling that sparked the right-to-life movement and influenced various religious groups.

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Regents of UC v. Bakke

Supreme Court case allowing race as a factor in college admissions but prohibiting racial quotas.

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Reagan's Election (1980)

Republican victory in 1980 driven by economic concerns and the Iran hostage crisis.

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Reaganomics

Supply-side economics, emphasizing tax cuts to stimulate investment and boost the economy.

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Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981)

Reagan tax reform lowering taxes for wealthy individuals and corporations.

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Soviet 'Evil Empire'

Reagan's term for the Soviet Union, symbolizing the Cold War conflict.

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Iran-Contra Affair

Illicit arms sales to Iran and funding for Nicaraguan contras, revealing political scandal.

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Glasnost and Perestroika

Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union, contributing to the end of the Cold War.

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Fall of Berlin Wall

Landmark event signifying the end of the Cold War and the division of Germany.

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Boris Yeltsin

Leader in Russia advocating for democracy and a market economy after the fall of the Soviet Union.

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Breakup of Yugoslavia

Conflict in the former Yugoslavia, with ethnic cleansing and other violence.

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Bill Clinton's Presidency

Characterized by economic issues during the 1992 election and subsequent policies.

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NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement, aimed at reducing trade barriers.

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Welfare Reform

Changes made to welfare programs during Clinton's presidency.

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1994 Congressional Elections

Republican gains in Congress, marked by conservative initiatives and leadership by Newt Gingrich.

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Reaganomics

Supply-side economic policies, emphasizing tax cuts to stimulate investment and economic growth, often with the promise the benefits will trickle down to lower income brackets.

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Proposition 13

A California ballot initiative that significantly reduced property taxes.

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PACs

Political Action Committees that raise and spend money to influence elections and policies.

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Laffer Curve

An economic theory suggesting that tax cuts can increase government revenue by stimulating economic activity.

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Supply-Side Economics

An economic theory that argues tax cuts stimulate the economy by encouraging investment and production.

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Roe v. Wade

Landmark Supreme Court case that legalized abortion nationwide.

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Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Supreme Court case that allowed race as a factor in college admissions but outlawed racial quotas.

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Iran-Contra Affair

Political scandal involving the illegal sale of arms to Iran and the use of the proceeds to fund the Contras in Nicaragua.

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Glasnost

Soviet policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev, allowing for greater freedom of speech and expression.

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Perestroika

Soviet policy of economic restructuring initiated by Gorbachev.

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Berlin Wall

The barrier that divided East and West Berlin, and symbolized the Cold War division.

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NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement, removing trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

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Welfare Reform

Bill Clinton's policy changes aimed to reform the welfare system.

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Brady Bill

Legislation aimed to control gun ownership.

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Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

Reagan's significant tax cuts for wealthy individuals and corporations.

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Televangelists

Religious leaders who use television to spread their messages and influence politics.

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Moral Majority

Conservative political group that supported religious values and policies.

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Clinton's 1992 Election

Bill Clinton's victory over George H.W. Bush, marking an important moment in U.S. politics.

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G-8

Group of eight major industrialized nations that focus on global economic cooperation.

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World Trade Organization

International body that regulates global trade.

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Single-Parent Families

Families headed by a single parent, often reflecting changing family structures.

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Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of nations economically and culturally.

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Study Notes

Economic Shifts and Conservative Movements

  • Milton Friedman advocated free market principles, noting a conservative shift in the 1970s away from 1960s liberalism.
  • Political Action Committees (PACs) emerged to challenge government programs, influencing debates on gun control, welfare, and affirmative action.
  • Proposition 13 significantly reduced property taxes, reflecting anti-tax sentiments.
  • Arthur Laffer posited that tax cuts could lead to increased government revenues.

Religious Influence in Politics

  • Religious fundamentalists played a vital role in supporting Reagan's presidency, advocating for school prayer and pro-life policies.
  • Televangelists like Pat Robertson reached millions, intertwining religion with electoral strategies.
  • Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority helped finance campaigns against liberal Congress members.

Supreme Court Decisions

  • Roe v. Wade triggered the right-to-life movement, uniting various religious groups.
  • The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case allowed race consideration in admissions but declared racial quotas unconstitutional.

Ronald Reagan's Presidency

  • Ronald Reagan's election in 1980 marked a Republican revival, driven by economic challenges and the Iranian hostage crisis.
  • Supply-side economics, known as Reaganomics, advocated tax cuts to spur investment, leading to "trickle-down" claims that benefits would reach lower-income brackets.
  • Reagan’s tax reforms, including the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, significantly lowered tax rates for wealthy individuals and corporations.

Foreign Policy and Military Actions

  • Reagan escalated military funding to counter the Soviet "evil empire" while promoting programs like the Strategic Defense Initiative.
  • The Iran-Contra Affair revealed illicit arms sales to Iran and funding for Nicaraguan contras, creating political controversy.

End of the Cold War

  • Mikhail Gorbachev initiated reforms (glasnost and perestroika) which, alongside Reagan's encouragement, contributed to the eventual fall of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
  • Major milestones included the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and various Eastern European nations gaining independence.

Post-Cold War Developments

  • Boris Yeltsin emerged as a leader advocating for democracy and a market economy in Russia.
  • The breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s sparked brutal conflicts, including ethnic cleansing driven by Slobodan Milosevic.

Domestic Policies in the 1990s

  • Bill Clinton's presidency highlighted economic issues, particularly during the 1992 election when he defeated George H.W. Bush.
  • Clinton's administrations saw notable policies, including NAFTA, welfare reform, and the Brady Bill, aimed at gun control.
  • The 1994 elections resulted in a Republican majority in Congress, with Newt Gingrich leading significant conservative initiatives.
  • The formation of the European Union fostered economic integration, with the euro introduced as a common currency in 2002.
  • The World Trade Organization and G-8, including major industrial nations, focused on regulating trade and economic cooperation in a rapidly globalizing economy.

Key Contemporary Issues

  • Global nuclear proliferation concerns arose with North Korea, India, and Pakistan developing nuclear capabilities.
  • Israeli-Palestinian relations continued to spark tensions, especially following the 1994 peace treaty with Jordan.

These notes encapsulate significant political, economic, and social changes from the late 20th century in the United States, emphasizing key events, movements, and policies that shaped modern history.### Economic Tensions

  • The disparity between rich and poor nations has led to rising tensions globally, particularly regarding debts owed by poorer countries.

Effects on Jobs

  • Globalization has created resentment among workers and unions in wealthy nations due to job losses to cheaper labor markets in developing countries.

Prosperity of the 1990s

  • Low inflation rates, rising stock markets, increasing household wealth, and declining unemployment characterized the economic environment of the 1990s.

Technology Boom

  • The 1990s experienced significant advancements in personal computing, software, the Internet, cable, and wireless communications.

Internet and E-commerce

  • Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services online, which gained immense popularity during this time.

Rise of South and West

  • According to the 2000 census, the West and South emerged as the fastest-growing regions in the U.S., resulting in increased congressional representation and electoral votes due to larger populations.

Immigration Act of 1986

  • This act aimed to establish a fair entry process for immigrants but failed to effectively address illegal immigration from Mexico. It faced criticism for granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants from Mexico and other regions.

Growth of Hispanics

  • By 2000, the Hispanic population represented the fastest-growing demographic in the U.S., totaling around 10 million individuals, establishing itself as the largest minority group.

"Graying" America

  • In 2000, there were 35 million individuals aged 64 and older, with the fastest-growing segment being those aged 85 and above, raising concerns over healthcare, social security, and senior housing due to the aging baby-boom generation.

Single-Parent Families

  • The number of single-parent families rose to 12.8 million in 2000, reflecting a decline in traditional family structures.

Distribution of Income

  • In 1999, the wealthiest fifth of Americans received more than half of the total income, highlighting growing income inequality.

Concentration of Wealth

  • Income distribution patterns exhibited significant disparities based on race, gender, and education levels.

Debate Over Freedom

  • Discussions revolved around whether the emphasis should be on equal rights or the freedom from extensive governmental control versus individual rights.

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Explore key concepts and terms from Amsco APUSH Chapter 30 with these flashcards. This set covers significant figures and political movements that shaped America in the late 20th century, particularly focusing on economic and social shifts. Perfect for APUSH students looking to enhance their understanding of this era.

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