Amri Archaeological Site in Sindh

Early Harappan Phase Overview

• Early Harappan artifacts reflect a distinct cultural phase with varying characteristics from the mature Harappan period.
• Some types of artifacts not found in the early Harappan phase include advanced metallurgy and certain specialized tools.

Cholistan Region Insights

• The Cholistan region during the early Harappan phase exhibited a range of settlements characterized by their spatial organization and resources.
• Notable demographic and trade patterns suggest regional connectivity with neighboring cultures during this phase.

Hakra Wares Phase Findings

• M.R. Mughal's study indicates that camp sites made up approximately 70% of the findings during the Hakra wares phase.

Size Distribution of Settlements

• Settlement sizes during the Kot Dijian phase in the Cholistan region show a predominant pattern of smaller communities, indicating social stratification.

Artifacts Transition to Mature Harappan Phase

• Specific artifacts from the early Harappan phase at Harappa that continued into the mature phase include distinct pottery styles and standardized weights.

Kot Diji Pottery Characteristics

• Distinctive pottery in Period I at Kot Diji often displays intricate designs and usage of natural pigments, reflecting early artistic expression.

Transitioning Sites

• The site that shows a clear transition from the early Harappan to transitional and mature phases is Kot Diji.

Dominant Pottery at Sarai Khola

• The dominant pottery type found in Period II at Sarai Khola includes painted wares with geometric motifs.

Stone Tools at Tarakai Qila

• At Tarakai Qila, various stone tools were found, including microliths and larger choppers, indicative of specialized production techniques.

Plant Remains at Rehman Dheri

• Identified plant remains at Rehman Dheri include grains such as barley and pulses, showcasing agricultural practices.

Stone Tool Factory

• A factory site was discovered at Chandigarh, where various forms of stone tools were manufactured, illustrating organized production.

Indus Valley Links at Mehrgarh

• Evidence by Period VII at Mehrgarh suggests increasing links with the Indus Valley, based on trade items and cultural exchange.

Animal Bones at Rehman Dheri

• Animal bones found in early Harappan levels at Rehman Dheri include cattle and sheep, indicating domestication and pastoral practices.

Gumla and the Mature Harappan Phase

• The period at Gumla in the Gomal Valley that corresponds to the mature Harappan phase is marked by advanced urban planning and resource management.

Beads Found at Lewan

• The industrial area at Lewan yielded a variety of beads made from semiprecious stones, highlighting craftsmanship and trade networks.

Amri Distance from Indus River

• Amri is located approximately 25 kilometers from the right bank of the Indus River, influencing its trade dynamics.

Amri Period I Characteristics

• A notable characteristic NOT associated with Period I at Amri is the absence of palatial structures, suggesting a different social organization.

Period IC at Amri Compartments

• The multiple cellular compartments in Period IC at Amri primarily served for storage and possibly for social gatherings.

Pottery Decoration Method at Amri

• The primary method of pottery decoration used during Period I at Amri was incising and painting with mineral-based pigments.

Building Material at Kot Diji

• The primary building material used for house walls in upper levels at Kot Diji was mud bricks, reflecting architectural practices.

Early Harappan Period I Date Range

• The approximate date range for Early Harappan Period I at Kot Diji is around 3300 to 2600 BCE, marking a critical developmental phase.