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Questions and Answers
What does the word 'amphibia' mean?
Double life - aquatic and terrestrial
Where do the most primitive tetrapods come from?
Class Amphibia
Describe the skin of members of Class Amphibia.
Skin lacks scales, feathers, or hair; has numerous glands (mucous, poison)
What are amphibians thought to have evolved from?
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Briefly describe the reproduction method, larvae, and adult form of Class Amphibia.
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What are the 3 orders of Class Amphibia?
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What are 2 general characteristics of Order Caudata (salamanders, sirens, & amphiumas)?
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What are the variable life history strategies of Order Caudata?
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What are 4 characteristics of Newts (Order Caudata)?
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Describe the general anatomy and reproductive forms of Caecilians (Order Gymnophiona).
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Describe the general anatomy of frogs and toads (Order Anura).
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Describe the reproduction of Order Anura.
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Describe the locomotion of Class Amphibia.
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What kind of circulatory system & heart does Class Amphibia have?
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Generally, Class Amphibia excretes ______ in water and ______ on land.
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Some amphibians have a _____ to store urea, and void wastes via _____ or _____.
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Class Amphibia cannot survive in _____ environments.
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Aquatic amphibians have a ____ ____ (nervous) system like fish.
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Members of Class Amphibia have eyes that are protected and cleaned by a transparent _____ _____.
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Members of Class Amphibia are ____, meaning their bodies assume the temperature of the water.
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Almost all adult amphibians are:
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Larval frogs are mostly:
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Salamanders and caecilians are mostly _____ as larvae.
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Frogs have ____ (to make sounds) and ____ (to hear sounds).
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Early members of Class Reptilia were the first to possess _____.
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Order Testudines (turtles) have a bony shell. The dorsal portion is called the _____ and the ventral portion is called the ___.
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Order Sphenodontida (tuataras) are primitive, superficially lizard-like, and distinguished by _____.
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What is one distinction between lizards and snakes, involving their hearing?
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Order _____ may be the nearest relative to birds.
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Worm Lizards (Order Squamata, Suborder Amphisbaenia) are specialized _____ in tropics or sub-tropics.
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Study Notes
Amphibia Overview
- "Amphibia" translates to "double life," indicating their aquatic and terrestrial existence.
- The most primitive tetrapods are classified under Class Amphibia.
- Amphibians' skin is distinct from others, lacking scales, feathers, or hair, and is enriched with mucous and poison glands.
Evolution and Reproduction
- Amphibians are believed to have evolved from sarcopterygian fish.
- Reproduction typically involves laying eggs in water, with larvae being aquatic and undergoing metamorphosis into semi-terrestrial adults.
Classification and Orders
- Class Amphibia is divided into three orders:
- Order Caudata (salamanders)
- Order Gymnophiona (caecilians)
- Order Anura (frogs)
Order Caudata Characteristics
- Salamanders possess long tails throughout their lives and four unspecialized legs.
- They exhibit variable life histories:
- Terrestrial species often have aquatic young.
- Some lay eggs on land with terrestrial larvae.
- Others spend most of their lives in water or inhabit caves.
- Newts display three life forms: aquatic larvae, terrestrial "eft" stage, and adult aquatic forms.
Order Gymnophiona (Caecilians)
- Caecilians are elongated and limbless, adapted for burrowing.
- Their appearance may seem segmented due to folded skin, and they may exhibit internal development, with larvae resembling small adults.
Order Anura (Frogs and Toads)
- Adults in this order lack tails, and the caudal vertebrae are fused.
- These amphibians have long, muscular hind limbs with webbed feet.
- Reproduction involves external fertilization through amplexus, leading to herbivorous tadpoles and rapid metamorphosis into adults.
Locomotion and Circulatory System
- Frogs are known for hopping and jumping, while salamanders walk using undulating gaits, and caecilians move in a coordinated accordion-like manner.
- Class Amphibia has a closed circulatory system with a three-chambered heart.
Excretion and Temperature Regulation
- Amphibians excrete ammonia in water and urea on land, with some possessing a urinary bladder for urea storage and waste excretion via skin or cloaca.
- They cannot survive in marine environments due to their physiological adaptations.
- Aquatic amphibians have a lateral line system for sensing vibrations, similar to fish.
Sensory Adaptations
- Eyes of amphibians are protected and cleaned by a transparent lower eyelid, an adaptation for their habitat.
- Amphibians are ectothermic, regulating their body temperature according to environmental conditions.
Diet and Feeding Habits
- Almost all adult amphibians are predatory carnivores, while larval frogs are primarily herbivores.
- Salamanders and caecilians also adopt carnivorous diets during their larval stages.
Sound Production and Hearing
- Frogs utilize vocal sacs for sound production and tympana for hearing.
Class Reptilia and Evolution
- Early reptiles, classified under Class Reptilia, were the first to possess amniotic eggs, a critical evolutionary feature.
- Order Testudines (turtles) are characterized by a bony shell, with the dorsal part named carapace and the ventral part named plastron.
- Order Sphenodontida (tuataras) is noted for unique tooth features and a lizard-like appearance.
- Lizards possess ear openings for hearing, unlike snakes which lack this feature.
- Order Crocodylia is considered closely related to birds within reptilian classifications.
- Worm lizards, found in the tropics or sub-tropics, have a specialized morphology featuring a single upper tooth distinct from other vertebrates.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of amphibians, known for their dual life both in water and on land. This quiz covers their evolution, reproduction methods, and the characteristics of their distinct orders: Caudata, Gymnophiona, and Anura. Test your knowledge on these unique creatures and their habitats!