Amphibians and Chordates Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of fertilization do salamanders practice?

  • Internal fertilization (correct)
  • Parental care fertilization
  • External fertilization
  • Asexual reproduction

What is the primary role of amphibian skin?

  • Providing insulation
  • Storage of fat reserves
  • Gas exchange and osmotic balance (correct)
  • Protection against predators

Which statement about frogs and toads is incorrect?

  • Frogs mainly live in damp places. (correct)
  • Toads prefer habitats away from water.
  • Frogs have specialized hind limbs for jumping.
  • They are tailless as adults.

What unique feature do reptile eggs have?

<p>They have a leathery shell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do amphibians commonly reproduce?

<p>By returning to water for external fertilization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do amphibian ears have?

<p>They are adapted for detecting sound waves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amnion in reptile eggs?

<p>It protects the embryo and provides nutrients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process do amphibians use to respire?

<p>Through lungs and skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the notochord in chordates?

<p>It acts as a supporting rod. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During embryonic development, which structures in vertebrates have a role in gas exchange?

<p>Pharyngeal Pouches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the dorsal hollow nerve cord is true?

<p>It contains a fluid-filled canal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following groups does the notochord persist throughout life?

<p>Cephalochordata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of urochordates during their larval stage?

<p>Presence of gill slits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic allows lancelets to filter feed effectively?

<p>Gill openings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adult tunicates engage with their environment?

<p>They secrete mucus to trap food. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pharyngeal pouches in terrestrial vertebrates?

<p>They are modified for other functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the chief characteristics of mammals?

<p>Hair and mammary glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mammals primarily regulate their body temperature?

<p>Endothermic mechanisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the gas exchange in mammals is correct?

<p>Lungs are used for gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows mammals to care for their young without leaving them to find food?

<p>Mammary glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mammals lay eggs?

<p>Monotremes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do marsupials primarily continue their development after birth?

<p>In a pouch on the mother's body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the placenta in placental mammals?

<p>To exchange nutrients and wastes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is commonly associated with placental mammals?

<p>A long period of dependency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which order includes animals such as horses, zebras, tapirs, and rhinoceroses?

<p>Perissodactyla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the order Carnivora?

<p>Presence of canines that are large and conical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mammals are classified in the order Chiroptera?

<p>Bats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is common among members of the order Rodentia?

<p>Two pairs of continuously growing incisors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the order Cetacea?

<p>Largest animal ever to live on the planet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the order Primates?

<p>Have well-developed brains and opposable thumbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which order includes animals like rabbits, hares, and pikas?

<p>Lagomorpha (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of elephants in the order Proboscidea?

<p>Prehensile trunk formed from the upper lip and nose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many gill slits do sharks typically have on each side of their pharynx?

<p>Five to seven (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure covers the gills of bony fishes?

<p>Operculum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of scales cover the bodies of sharks?

<p>Placoid scales (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary feeding strategies of whale sharks?

<p>Filter feeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do most fish fertilize their eggs?

<p>Shed into the water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major characteristic distinguishes amphibians from other vertebrates?

<p>Possession of limbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a group of modern amphibians?

<p>Lizards and snakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fins are primarily found in bony fishes?

<p>Ray-finned (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many species of reptiles are in the class Reptilia?

<p>Around 6,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which group did reptiles evolve?

<p>Amphibians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reptiles returned to aquatic environments?

<p>Plesiosaurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant feature helps pterosaurs in flight?

<p>Keel for muscle attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the impact theory of dinosaur extinction suggest caused the extinction?

<p>A large meteorite impact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of turtles?

<p>They have a heavy shell fused to ribs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation do snakes have for consuming large prey?

<p>Dislocating jaws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of skin do reptiles have?

<p>Scaly and keratinized (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a notochord?

A supporting rod located dorsally just below the nerve cord, often replaced by a vertebral column in vertebrates.

What is a dorsal hollow nerve cord?

A fluid-filled canal located on the dorsal side of the body, forming the spinal cord in vertebrates.

What are pharyngeal pouches?

Openings in the pharynx that function in feeding, gas exchange, or both. They are present in embryos and modified for different purposes in various vertebrates.

What is a post-anal tail?

A tail extending beyond the anal opening, often present in embryos and sometimes in adults.

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What are invertebrate chordates?

A group of chordates where the notochord persists throughout life and is never replaced by a vertebral column.

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What are cephalochordates?

A group of invertebrate chordates that includes lancelets. These elongated animals resemble a two-edged surgical knife and are filter feeders.

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What are urochordates?

A group of invertebrate chordates that includes tunicates. They have a body composed of an outer tunic, are filter feeders, and have a larval stage that exhibits all four chordate characteristics.

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What is a tunicate larva?

The larval stage of tunicates that exhibits all four chordate characteristics, including a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and post-anal tail.

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Shark teeth replacement

Sharks have several rows of teeth behind the front ones, allowing for continuous replacement as the front teeth wear down.

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Class Chondrichthyes

Sharks, rays, and skates belong to this diverse group of fish with a cartilaginous skeleton.

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Swim bladder

A gas-filled sac that helps bony fish control their buoyancy and depth in water.

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Ray-finned fish

These bony rays support the fins of most bony fish, giving them their name.

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Operculum

A flap of tissue that covers the gills in bony fishes, helping them breathe underwater.

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Class Amphibia

Salamanders, newts, and caecilians belong to this class of amphibians with moist skin and a life cycle with both aquatic and terrestrial phases.

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Age of Amphibians

Amphibians played a significant role in the evolution of vertebrates during the Carboniferous period.

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Frogs and toads

These amphibians, like frogs and toads, have a short, tailless body and powerful hind legs for jumping.

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Mammals

Mammals have hair, mammary glands, maintain a constant body temperature, and have a four-chambered heart.

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Monotremes

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs, like the duckbill platypus and spiny anteater.

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Marsupials

Marsupials are mammals that give birth to immature young that complete development in a pouch, like kangaroos and koalas.

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Placental mammals

Placental mammals develop in a placenta, which supplies nutrients and removes waste from the developing offspring.

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Hair in mammals

Hair provides insulation for mammals, allowing them to stay warm in cold environments.

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Mammary glands

Mammary glands allow female mammals to nourish their young with milk.

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Circulatory system in mammals

A four-chambered heart and a double-loop circulatory system allow mammals to effectively transport oxygen and nutrients throughout their body.

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Importance of placenta

The placenta enables a mother to move freely while her young develop.

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Amphibian Heart

Amphibians have a three-chambered heart with a single ventricle that pumps mixed blood before and after it has gone to the lungs.

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Amphibian Skin

Amphibian skin is thin, smooth, non-scaly, and contains numerous mucous glands. It helps them regulate osmotic balance and breathe.

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Salamander and Newt Diet

Salmader and newts are carnivorous, meaning they eat other animals, like insects and snails.

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Amphibian Tongue

Amphibians use their tongues to catch prey, quickly flicking it out to grab insects or other small animals.

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Amphibian Eyelids

Amphibians have eyelids to keep their eyes moist. They are important for vision underwater and on land.

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Amphibian Eggs

Amphibian eggs are protected by a jelly-like coating, not a shell. They are laid in water for external fertilization.

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Caecilians

Caecilians are legless amphibians that burrow in soil and eat worms.

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When did reptiles evolve?

Reptiles evolved from amphibians during the Permian period.

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What were pelycosaurs?

The pelycosaurs were mammal-like reptiles that gave rise to mammals.

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What were Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs?

Ichthyosaurs returned to aquatic environments, while plesiosaurs had long necks.

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What were Pterosaurs?

Pterosaurs were flying reptiles with a keel for flight muscle attachment and hollow bones for weight reduction.

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What were dinosaurs?

Dinosaurs varied in size and behavior, with some being bipedal and giving rise to birds.

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What is the impact theory?

The impact theory proposes that a large meteorite or comet caused the extinction of dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period.

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What evidence supports the impact theory?

A thin layer of iridium, a mineral commonly found in meteorites, is found in rocks dating back to the end of the Cretaceous period, supporting the impact theory.

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What are the characteristics of reptile skin?

Reptiles have a thick, scaly skin that is impermeable to water and requires molting.

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What are Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla?

A group of mammals that are herbivores and have long, slender limbs adapted for running. They have large grinding teeth for chewing plants.

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What is the Carnivora order?

A group of mammals characterized by their carnivorous diet and sharp, pointed teeth. They include animals like dogs, cats, bears, and seals.

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What is the Primate order?

The group of mammals that includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans. They typically have 5-fingered hands and are highly intelligent.

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What is the Cetacea order?

A group of aquatic mammals that includes whales and dolphins. They have evolved adaptations for breathing underwater and moving efficiently in the water.

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What is the Chiroptera order?

A group of mammals that are known for their ability to fly. They have wings made of skin stretched between their elongated fingers.

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What is the Rodentia order?

The largest order of mammals, characterized by having continuously growing incisor teeth. They include animals like mice, rats, squirrels, and beavers.

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What is the Proboscidea order?

A group of mammals with only two species: elephants. They are herbivores and known for their long trunks and large size.

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What is the Lagomorpha order?

A group of mammals that includes rabbits, hares, and pikas. They are herbivores and have two pairs of continuously growing incisor teeth.

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Study Notes

Phylum: Chordata

  • Chordates include 45,000 species.
  • All chordates have four basic characteristics at some point in their life.
    • Notochord: A supporting rod located dorsally just below the nerve cord, replaced by the vertebral column in vertebrates.
    • Dorsal hollow nerve cord: Contains a fluid-filled canal. In vertebrates, it's the spinal cord.
    • Pharyngeal pouches: Openings that can function in feeding or gas exchange. In invertebrate chordates, fish, and amphibian larvae, they become functioning gills; in terrestrial vertebrates, they are modified for other purposes.
    • Post-anal tail: Extends beyond the anal opening, present in some embryos.

1- Subphylum: Invertebrata

  • Invertebrate Chordates:
    • Notochord persists and is never replaced by a vertebral column.
    • Cephalochordata (Lancelets):
      • About 23 species in genus Branchiostoma.
      • Elongated, lance-shaped body resembling a two-edged surgical knife.
      • Inhabit shallow coastal waters.
      • Filter feeders, partly buried in sandy substrates.
      • Feed on microscopic particles filtered from water that enters the mouth and exits through gill openings.

2- Subphylum: Vertebrata

  • Vertebrate Chordates
    • 43,700 species.
    • Have all four chordate characteristics at some point in their lives.
    • Embryonic notochord replaced by a vertebral column.
    • Vertebral column supports dorsal hollow nerve cord.
    • Skeleton (cartilage or bone) is a vital tissue that grows with the animal. Muscles support efficient movement.
    • Skull enclosed the brain.
    • Complex sense organs (eyes, ears).
    • Complete digestive system with a large coelom
    • Closed circulatory system (blood contained in vessels)
    • Efficient gas exchange: via gills or lungs.
    • Kidneys excrete waste and regulate water.
    • Reproduction: Usually sexual, with separate sexes.

I. Fishes

  • Aquatic gill-breathing vertebrates typically with fins and scaled skin. Used to be filter feeders, now able to move water through gills via muscular action.

    • Class: Cyclostomata (Jawless Fishes):

      • 63 species: lampreys and hagfish).
      • Smooth, non-scaly skin.
      • Cylindrical bodies (up to a meter long).
      • Hagfish are scavengers, feeding on invertebrates or dead fish.
      • Lampreys are filter feeders or parasites, attaching to fish and sucking nutrients.

    • Class: Chondrichthyes (Fishes with Jaws):

      • 850 species (sharks, rays, and skates)
      • Cartilaginous skeleton (not bone).
      • Five to seven gill slits.
      • Scaled skin.
      • Teeth are enlarged scales in rows.

    • Class: Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes):

      • 20,000+ species (salmon, trout, eels)
      • Bony skeleton.
      • Ray-finned with thin bony rays supporting fins.
      • Skin covered in scales.
      • Gills covered by operculum.
      • Swim bladder for buoyancy control.
      • Reproduction: Eggs usually shed into water, with fertilization and development outside the mother's body.

II. Amphibians

  • Tetrapods with four limbs; adapted for both land and water.
    • Groups: frogs & toads, salamanders & newts, and caecilians.
    • Salamanders & newts: long bodies, tails; carnivorous, internal fertilization.
    • Frogs & toads: tailless; specialized hind limbs for jumping; aquatic or moist places; carnivorous.
    • Caecilians: legless; burrow in soil; feed on worms.
    • Reproduction: returns to water, external fertilization, tadpoles metamorphose.
    • Ectothermic (regulate body temperature by environment)

III. Reptiles

  • Internal fertilization. Leathery-shell eggs (amnions).
    • Groups: pelycosaurs, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles
    • Internal fertilization, amniotic egg (leathery shell).
    • Some evolved to live in water, fly, or other varied habitats
    • Some lizards, snakes (with venom), turtles, crocodiles and alligators.
    • Ectotherms (regulate body temperature by environment)

IV. Birds

  • Scales, lack teeth.
    • Adaptations for flight: Air sacs, bones, respiratory system.
  • Endothermic (regulate body temperature)

V. Mammals

  • Mammary glands; hair.
    • Monotremes: Lay eggs (duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater)
    • Marsupials: Pouch for newborns (kangaroos, opossums)
    • Placental mammals: Placenta for nourishment.
    • Classification: Based on locomotion and feeding.

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Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of amphibians and chordates! This quiz covers topics such as fertilization methods, skin functions, and unique features of reptiles. Challenge yourself with questions about the adaptation and characteristics of these remarkable animal groups!

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