Aminoglycoside Resistance and Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Synergy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the definition of an antibiotic?

  • A chemical that has no effect on microorganisms
  • A chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
  • A chemical that promotes the growth of microorganisms
  • A chemical produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism (correct)

    • What is the consequence of antibiotic treatment on the gastrointestinal tract?

  • Increased risk of antibiotic-resistant organisms (correct)
  • Antibiotics have no effect on the gastrointestinal tract
  • No effect on antibiotic-resistant organisms
  • Decreased risk of antibiotic-resistant organisms

    • What is the lowest concentration that results in inhibition of visible growth in antibiotic susceptibility testing?

  • Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
  • Maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
  • Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (correct)
  • Maximum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

    • Which pathogen is most frequently acquired in hospitals?

    <p>MRSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed solution to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Use antibiotics only when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is combination therapy?

    <p>Using two different antibiotics at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of resistance to antiviral drugs?

    <p>Changes in the virus genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that promotes antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Exposure to microbes carrying resistance genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of bacterial resistance to penicillins?

    <p>Heavy use of penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?

    <p>Cephalosporins contain oxygen in place of sulfur in the dihydrothiazine ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is generally used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>Rifampicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of quinolones?

    <p>They prevent supercoiling of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of activity of sulfonamides and sulfones?

    <p>Broad range activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of trimethoprim?

    <p>They bind to dihydrofolate reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of tetracyclines?

    <p>They interfere with mRNA interaction with the 30S ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first choice of treatment for infections caused by gram-negative bacilli?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of resistance for chloramphenicol?

    <p>Acetylation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of macrolides?

    <p>They inhibit translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the crosslinking of NAM and NAG in peptidoglycan?

    <p>Transpeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and why are they important?

    <p>PBPs are targets for penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three general mechanisms by which bacteria can become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Prevention of interaction between the antibiotic and the target PBP, modification of the binding of the antibiotic to the PBP, hydrolysis of the antibiotic by bacterial enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are beta-lactamase inhibitors and how do they work?

    <p>Molecules that bind and inactivate beta-lactamase, allowing penicillins to enter the bacterial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic therapy is used to prevent the emergence of resistant strains?

    <p>Antimicrobial cocktails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is MRSA?

    <p>A nosocomial pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed solution to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Use antimicrobial cocktails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Rifampicin?

    <p>Inhibits transcription process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of quinolones?

    <p>Prevents supercoiling of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of activity of Sulfonamides and Sulfones?

    <p>Broad range activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Trimethoprim?

    <p>Inhibits formation of tetrahydrofolic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of spectinomycin?

    <p>It interferes with m-RNA interaction with the 30S ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines?

    <p>Broad-spectrum against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of fusidic acid?

    <p>It binds to elongation factor G (EF-G) and inhibits release of EF-G from the EF-G/GDP complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of macrolides?

    <p>They inhibit translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of vancomycin?

    <p>It interferes with the formation of bridges in gram-positive bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of resistance for β-lactam antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>No entrance through the outer membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of activity of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Active against most gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of beta-lactamase inhibitors?

    <p>They bind and inactivate beta-lactamase and allow penicillins to enter the bacterial cell without undergoing enzymatic degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial agent?

    <p>Antibiotics are natural substances produced by microorganisms, while antimicrobial agents are synthetic chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of antibiotic treatment on the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>It can lead to the growth of antibiotic-resistant organisms and C. difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five principal mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial drugs?

    <p>Prevention of drug penetration, alteration and interference in conveying the drug, activation of efflux pumps, modification of the target site of antibiotic, enzymatic drug destruction or inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of bacterial resistance to penicillins?

    <p>Heavy use of penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?

    <p>Cephalosporins contain sulfur in the dihydrothiazine ring, while cephamycins contain oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of carbapenems?

    <p>They have a rapid bactericidal action and are stable to beta-lactamase hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the factors that promote antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Exposure to sub-optimal levels of antimicrobial, inappropriate antimicrobial use, spread of resistant microbes in hospitals, abuse of antibiotics in animals and foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is most frequently acquired in hospitals?

    <p>Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed solution to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Use more narrow spectrum antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is combination therapy?

    <p>Using multiple antimicrobials to treat an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the crosslinking of NAM and NAG in peptidoglycan?

    <p>Transpeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of vancomycin?

    <p>Inhibits proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of resistance for β-lactam antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>No entrance through the outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of activity of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Many gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides?

    <p>They interfere with mRNA interaction with the 30S ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines?

    <p>Broad-spectrum against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of chloramphenicol?

    <p>They bind to the 50S ribosome and block the peptide extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of macrolides?

    <p>They inhibit translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Rifampicin?

    <p>It inhibits transcription process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of activity of Quinolones?

    <p>Active against gram-positive and urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Sulfonamides and Sulfones?

    <p>They inhibit the synthesis of folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Trimethoprim?

    <p>It inhibits the synthesis of folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is active against most gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci?

    <p>Penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between cephalosporins and cephamycins?

    <p>Cephamycins are more stable to beta-lactamase hydrolysis than cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the factors that promote antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Abuse of antibiotics in animals and foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of carbapenems?

    <p>They have a broad bacterial spectrum and a rapid bactericidal action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganisms can proliferate in the gastrointestinal tract due to antibiotic treatment?

    <p>Enterococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the original inoculum in antibiotic susceptibility testing?

    <p>Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principal mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial drugs?

    <p>Activation of efflux pumps and rapid ejection of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

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