Amino Acid Polymers: Peptide Bond Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of proteins in a cell?

  • To synthesize amino acids
  • To replicate DNA
  • To store energy
  • To perform and carry out various functions (correct)

    • What is the bond formed between amino acids in a peptide chain?

  • Covalent bond
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Peptide bond (correct)
  • Ionic bond

    • Which end of a peptide chain has an amino group?

  • C-terminus
  • Amino end
  • N-terminus (correct)
  • Carboxyl end

    • What is the role of enzymes in a cell?

    <p>To catalyze chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is involved in muscle movement?

    <p>Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibodies?

    <p>To defend against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is involved in transporting oxygen?

    <p>Globin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of proteins in a cell?

    <p>They perform various functions to keep a cell alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are formed between sulfur amino acids (cysteine) in proteins?

    <p>Strong covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of amino acids based on their nutritional value?

    <p>Into essential and nonessential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a linear polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure?

    <p>Protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is an example of a structural protein?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is considered semi-essential?

    <p>Arginine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of protein mis-folding?

    <p>Loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of polar amino acids?

    <p>They contain polar hydrophilic side chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids are classified as non-essential?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a transport protein?

    <p>Myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of ketogenic amino acids?

    <p>They give ketone bodies on metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of simple proteins?

    <p>Contains amino acids only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond that links amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the classification of proteins based on their function?

    <p>Classification based on protein function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of glutamic acid based on its chemical structure?

    <p>Acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids are classified as basic based on their chemical structure?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of conjugated proteins?

    <p>They have a non-protein moiety in their structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between fibrous and globular proteins in terms of water solubility?

    <p>Fibrous proteins are insoluble, while globular proteins are soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of protein denaturation?

    <p>The unfolding and disorganization of the protein's secondary and tertiary structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physical agent that can cause protein denaturation?

    <p>UV light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of protein in oral health?

    <p>It promotes steady growth and repair of periodontal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the role of protein and calcium in teeth?

    <p>Protein is responsible for the growth, while calcium is responsible for the strength of teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of consuming protein at the recommended or higher than recommended intake level?

    <p>Better periodontal health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of denatured proteins?

    <p>They are always insoluble in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dietary protein in relation to jaw bone mineralization?

    <p>It increases the absorption of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of amelogenin in enamel formation?

    <p>To mineralize the enamel matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of amelogenin in terms of its amino acid composition?

    <p>Rich in proline, leucine, histidine, and glutamyl residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for synthesizing amelogenin?

    <p>Ameloblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of consuming fruits and vegetables in relation to periodontal health?

    <p>They reduce oxidative stress and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in bone health?

    <p>It stimulates bone cell activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Amino Acid Polymers

    • Amino acid polymer is a peptide bond formed between amino acids, with a carboxyl end (C-terminus) and an amino end (N-terminus)
    • The backbone of a peptide chain consists of repeating patterns of carbon and nitrogen atoms

    Biological Importance of Proteins

    • Proteins are the workers of a cell, performing various functions to enable a cell to move, use energy, respond to stimuli, and stay alive
    • Proteins have various functions, including:
      • Catalysis (enzymes)
      • Structure (muscle protein)
      • Movement (myosin and actin)
      • Defense (antibodies)
      • Regulation (enzymes and hormones)
      • Transport (globin)
      • Storage (Mb and Ferritin)

    Classification of Amino Acids

    • Amino acids can be classified into:
      • Essential amino acids (9): cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet
      • Non-essential amino acids (11): can be synthesized by the body using essential amino acids
      • Semi-essential amino acids (e.g., arginine, cysteine, and tyrosine): cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities during certain conditions (e.g., pregnancy, adolescent growth, or recovery from trauma)

    Classification of Amino Acids According to Polarity

    • Amino acids can be classified into:
      • Polar amino acids: contain polar hydrophilic side chains (e.g., OH, SH, NH2, COOH)
      • Non-polar amino acids: do not contain polar hydrophilic side chains

    Classification of Amino Acids According to Chemical Structure

    • Amino acids can be classified into:
      • Acidic amino acids (2): aspartic acid and glutamic acid
      • Basic amino acids (3): lysine, histidine, and arginine
      • Neutral amino acids (15): do not have acidic or basic properties

    Metabolic Classification of Amino Acids

    • Amino acids can be classified into:
      • Ketogenic amino acids: produce ketone bodies on metabolism
      • Mixed ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids: produce both ketone bodies and glucose on metabolism
      • Glucogenic amino acids: produce glucose on metabolism

    Structures of Proteins

    • Proteins are formed by a large number of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain
    • Disulfide bonds: strong covalent bonds between sulfur amino acids (cysteine)

    Quaternary Structure

    • Quaternary structure is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits

    Protein Folding

    • Protein folding is the physical process by which a linear polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure
    • Protein mis-folding leads to loss of function and causes a wide range of diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease)

    Classification of Proteins

    • Classification based on protein function:
      • Catalytic proteins (e.g., enzymes)
      • Structural proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, keratin)
      • Contractile proteins (e.g., myosin, actin)
      • Transport proteins (e.g., hemoglobin, myoglobin, albumin, transferrin)
      • Regulatory proteins or hormones (e.g., ACTH, insulin, growth hormone)
      • Genetic proteins (e.g., histones)
      • Protective proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins, clotting factors)

    Classification Based on Composition

    • Simple proteins: contain amino acids only
    • Conjugated proteins: contain some non-protein moiety in its structure along with protein part (e.g., lipoprotein, glycoprotein)

    Classification of Protein Based on Structure

    • Fibrous proteins: long, narrow fibers, insoluble, more stable (e.g., actin, myosin, collagen)
    • Globular proteins: rounded (spherical), soluble, less stable (e.g., albumin, hemoglobin, insulin)

    Protein Denaturation

    • Protein denaturation is the unfolding and disorganization of the protein's secondary and tertiary structures, without hydrolysis of peptide bonds
    • Denaturing agents:
      • Physical agents (e.g., heat, UV light, violent shaking, high pressure)
      • Chemical agents (e.g., strong acids, strong alkalis, heavy metal salts, organic solvents)

    Protein and Oral Health

    • Protein helps promote steady growth and plays a role in the protection and repair of the periodontal tissue
    • Consuming protein at the recommended or higher than recommended intake level is associated with better periodontal health
    • Plant-based protein and periodontal health:
      • Fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds contain polyphenols and fibers, which can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation
      • Protein helps increase absorption of calcium, supporting the mineralization of jaw bone

    Amelogenins

    • Amelogenins are tissue-specific proteins, rich in proline, leucine, histidine, and glutamyl residues
    • Synthesized by the ameloblast cells of the inner enamel epithelium
    • Amelogenins play a major role in the mineralization and morphological changes in enamel

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure of peptide bonds in amino acid polymers, including the chemical composition and bonding between molecules. Test your understanding of the molecular structure of peptides and their functions in biological systems.

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