American Yawp Chapter 11 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is a cotton gin?

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.

What was King Cotton in the pre-Civil War South?

Cotton and cotton-growing considered a vital commodity, the major factor in the economy and politics.

What cleared the way for eastern people to resettle in the Deep South?

Indian Removal Act of 1830.

By 1860, what percent of all American exports were cotton?

<p>60%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the closest estimate of the number of enslaved people living in the South in 1860?

<p>4 million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the South, did slaves develop a culture all on their own?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of family played a crucial role in the daily lives of enslaved people.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Southern cities became headquarters of the nation's largest and most profitable commodities—cotton and enslaved people.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some consequences in the decades before the Civil War when slave marriages were broken up?

<p>Sale or forced migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Nat Turner's rebellion?

<p>Black-led churches were broken up, anti-literacy laws increased, and southern religion was transformed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What southern crops required cities for export, marketing, and/or storage?

<p>Rice and Tobacco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Southern middle class the strongest?

<p>Southern cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region was ethnic homogeneity the strongest among enslaved people?

<p>Coastal South Carolina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which African country was founded by African Americans?

<p>Liberia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Celia kill her enslaver?

<p>To escape rape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Nat Turner after his rebellion?

<p>He was executed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did evangelicalism influence racial relations in the U.S. South?

<p>Reinforced proslavery ideas and increased the prevalence of Protestantism among African Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the function of southern dueling?

<p>To prove equal honor status in the face of disputes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship of femininity and domesticity in the South?

<p>Domesticity limited opportunities of wealthy white women in public life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a world of radicalized violence and dominance, who did southern society seek to protect?

<p>White women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before cotton, was the American South the go-to source for rice and tobacco?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Gossypium barbadense often called?

<p>Petit Gulf cotton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Cotton Belt refer to?

<p>The area of the American South known for cotton's dominance in agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is speculation in land purchasing?

<p>Purchasing land on credit and pricing it at a higher value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Black Belt refer to?

<p>Rich land and the skin color of the enslaved people who worked it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did the steamboat revolutionize southern cities?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What simple actions of resistance did enslaved people engage in?

<p>Breaking tools, causing delays, running away.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the outcomes of Nat Turner's rebellion?

<p>Deaths of fifty-seven white men, women, and children, followed by a crackdown on enslaved people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did slaveholders use family connections as threats to get more production from slaves?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crop was known to be expensive and harsh, destroying land?

<p>Tobacco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did cotton and slavery relate to each other?

<p>They grew alongside each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first steamboat?

<p>Steamboat New Orleans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Thomas Jefferson state in his 'Notes of the State of Virginia'?

<p>Enslaved should be freed but colonized to another country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

By the mid-1850s, did the expected production of enslaved people in Mississippi's Cotton Belt increase significantly?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the South, humanity became a commodity for profit.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Cotton Revolution do for the South?

<p>Sparked the growth of an urban South and connected with a global market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 1820s, was Southern life predicated on a rural lifestyle?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Were cotton gins, wagons, grinders, looms, and baths all steam powered?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Were the South's rivers, lakes, and bays barriers to commerce?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What coastal ports became targets of steamboats?

<p>New Orleans, Charleston, Norfolk, Richmond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of working-class people flooded coastal ports?

<p>Merchants, traders, skilled laborers, foreign speculators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did New Orleans' population increase between 1830-1840?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did middle-class people in the South thrive in port city life?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What made up the southern middle class?

<p>Skilled craftsmen, merchants, traders, speculators, store owners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did southern Evangelical religion shape the understanding of southern gender roles?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of violence characterized southern lower classes in the backcountry?

<p>Fistfights and shoot-outs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tactics did the southern lower class use for violence?

<p>Sharpening fingernails and filing teeth into razor-sharp points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did a gentleman achieve recognition by killing his opponent in a duel?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Was the legal system to blame for the violence in the Old South?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Femininity in the South was tied to the domestic sphere.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Was female labor an important aspect of the southern economy?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cotton and Slavery

  • The Cotton Gin, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, revolutionized cotton processing, profoundly shaping the American economy.
  • "King Cotton" became the dominant factor in the pre-Civil War South, significantly influencing economic and political dynamics.
  • By 1860, cotton exports comprised 60% of all American exports, highlighting its crucial role in international trade.

Enslaved Population and Culture

  • Approximately 4 million enslaved individuals lived in the South by 1860, representing 45% of the population, with 2.5 million in the Cotton Belt.
  • Enslaved people formed their own cultural identities, creating kinship networks, trade systems, and religious communities despite the oppressive nature of their lives.
  • Marriage among enslaved people was vital for cultural continuity and identity formation amidst the traumas of slavery.

Slave Rebellions and Resistance

  • Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 resulted in the death of 57 whites and influenced increased restrictions like anti-literacy laws and the dismantling of Black-led churches.
  • Resistance manifested through various forms, from minor acts like damaging tools to significant revolts, fostering a sense of unity among enslaved communities.

Social Dynamics in the South

  • Southern cities emerged as centers for cotton and slave trade, facilitating the growth of an urban South linked to a global market.
  • The rise of a Southern middle class consisted of merchants, skilled laborers, and speculators, contributing to the economic landscape of port cities.
  • Violence and dueling were entrenched in social norms, with honor being fiercely defended through personal combat and dueling traditions.

System of Oppression

  • Enslaved women faced unique vulnerabilities, including sexual violence and forced child-rearing, complicating their lives within slavery.
  • Enslavers utilized sexual violence as a tool for control and obedience, significantly impacting family structures and social dynamics among enslaved peoples.

Role of Religion

  • Evangelical Christianity played a pivotal role in the South, reinforcing proslavery ideologies while also increasing Protestantism among African Americans.
  • Southern ministers claimed divine justification for slavery but also viewed evangelizing enslaved people as a significant calling.

Impacts of Economic Changes

  • The Cotton Revolution catalyzed urbanization in the South, linking agricultural production to broader economic systems and markets.
  • Southern agriculture benefited from the use of steamboats, which transformed transportation and commerce, connecting rural producers to urban centers.
  • Wealthy white women in the South were expected to adhere to strict domestic roles, limiting their public engagement and opportunities.
  • Legal systems often failed to protect women's rights, making divorce risky and detrimental to a woman's social standing.

Cultural and Social Norms

  • Society's values in the South were deeply intertwined with issues of race, gender, and class, reinforcing expectations of purity for women and honor for men.
  • The cult of domesticity shaped the social position of women, emphasizing moral virtue over economic contributions.

Legacy of Oppression

  • The interconnectedness of cotton and slavery resulted in dehumanization, commodifying enslaved individuals for profit.
  • The systemic nature of oppression left lasting impacts on Southern society and shaped the racial dynamics that would continue to evolve.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key terms from Chapter 11 of the American Yawp. This quiz covers important concepts related to the cotton industry and its impact on American society, including pivotal inventions and economic factors. Perfect for students wanting to deepen their understanding of this critical period in history.

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