American Voices: Civil War to 20th Century (Module 3)

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Questions and Answers

What was the main goal of the 'Fugitive Slave Act'?

  • To provide legal representation for enslaved people in court.
  • To establish a system for the return of escaped slaves to their masters. (correct)
  • To grant freedom to enslaved people who escaped to states where slavery was illegal.
  • To prevent enslaved people from escaping to states where slavery was illegal.

Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing characteristic of slave narratives?

  • They often utilize melodramatic elements to evoke emotional responses in the reader.
  • They always prioritize factual accuracy over emotional storytelling and personal experiences. (correct)
  • They often depict the harsh realities of slavery and its impact on individuals.
  • They typically focus on the individual journey of the enslaved person towards freedom.

Which of the following was a significant aspect of abolitionist almanacs?

  • They were highly detailed and complex, focusing on economic and political arguments against slavery.
  • They often included pictures and imagery to convey the message against slavery. (correct)
  • They were only circulated within abolitionist communities and never reached broader audiences.
  • They avoided mentioning the horrors of slavery to maintain a neutral stance.

What was the significance of Frederick Douglass's 'Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave'?

<p>It helped to popularize and solidify the importance of the slave narrative genre. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures played a significant role in the abolitionist movement and was known for their powerful writing?

<p>Frederick Douglass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of 'slave narratives' on the ‘new canon’?

<p>They were embraced as a significant literary genre, representing the voices and experiences of African Americans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the use of stock scenes and characters in slave narratives?

<p>To emphasize the collective nature of the experience of slavery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the 'Emancipation Proclamation' achieve?

<p>It freed enslaved people residing in the Confederate states, but not in the Union states. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary focus of the local colour movement in American literature?

<p>The representation of stereotypes and dialects of specific regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following authors is associated with the feminist agenda during the local colour movement?

<p>Kate Chopin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the local colour movement on American literary history?

<p>It fostered the development of realism, naturalism, and women's writing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode in visual culture is closely associated with American realism?

<p>Social photography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the local colour movement affect the portrayal of African Americans?

<p>It contributed to the creation and reinforcement of stereotypes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typically associated with the local colour movement?

<p>Emphasis on abstract themes and existential questions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for the impactful war photography titled 'Harvest of Death'?

<p>Matthew Brady (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal element did the local colour movement often critique?

<p>Social circumstances and conditions of marginalized groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criticism did Reynolds make about Matthiessen's list?

<p>It excluded women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the feminisation of American culture primarily refer to?

<p>The inclusion of women and young people in readership. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of women's writing during the 19th century is noted?

<p>The use of a sentimental writing style with adventurous female protagonists. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Hawthorne's statement about 'mob of damned scribbling women' play?

<p>It reflected male writers' denial of women's contributions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What literary device is commonly used in sentimental novels to trigger emotions?

<p>Formulaic/stock scenes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the writing of the four transitional writers noted?

<p>Incorporated formal/structural innovations and new protagonists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significance do popular and sentimental novels hold?

<p>They expose social conditions and grievances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common theme in Kate Chopin's work?

<p>Conflict between tradition and social expectations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is noted as a key element of women's writing in the 19th century?

<p>Narratives highlighting innocent victims. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were early 19th century sentimental/domestic novels popularized?

<p>Through their reflection of social issues and female perspectives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the 'novel of manners'?

<p>It emphasizes the social codes and behaviors of its characters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of narrative perspective does Huck Finn embody in 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'?

<p>An outsider perspective with limited societal corruption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe a major theme of 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'?

<p>The journey towards moral enlightenment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'verisimilitude' refer to in the context of realism?

<p>An illusion of reality that may not be entirely true. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Jim's representation in 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'?

<p>A complex character embodying both victimhood and agency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant concern of the authors associated with realism?

<p>Portraying complex and ordinary individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of society does Huck Finn largely critique?

<p>The pre-Civil War societal norms regarding race and slavery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn' contributes to its episodic structure?

<p>Disjointed sequences with self-contained narratives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'hybridity' in 'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn' imply?

<p>It contains various genres, including adventure and social satire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which realist author is NOT mentioned as a major figure in the content provided?

<p>Ernest Hemingway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key ideological framework regarding women's roles during the early 19th century?

<p>The home was considered a place of American virtues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Republican motherhood' imply about women's roles?

<p>Women's fulfillment comes from motherhood and raising virtuous sons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which writer was known for advocating women's rights and the equality of sexes?

<p>Judith Sargent Murray (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event took place in 1848 that marked a key moment for the women’s rights movement?

<p>The Seneca Falls Convention was held. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What central issue was addressed in the 'Declaration of Sentiments'?

<p>The right to vote. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon described the societal expectations placed on women during the Victorian era?

<p>Cult of domesticity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual famously urged politicians with the words 'Remember the Ladies'?

<p>Abigail Adams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following writers challenged the idea that men and women were inherently intellectually different?

<p>Judith Sargent Murray (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief did the separation of spheres promote regarding men and women?

<p>Men were emotionally superior and rational decision-makers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one impact of the 19th Amendment, ratified in 1919?

<p>It allowed women to vote. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term emerged around 1910 that began to define women's advocacy and rights?

<p>Feminism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Civil War affect the women's rights movement in the 1850s?

<p>It caused a significant loss of momentum in the movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was known for expressing the double burden of fighting for both women and slave rights?

<p>Sojourner Truth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What thematic contradiction is presented in 'The Storm' regarding gender roles?

<p>It portrays female determination and free will. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is noted as having been significant for African American history but did not end racism?

<p>Emancipation Proclamation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the slave codes?

<p>Regulated the public and private lives of slaves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which poet is noted for being the first published African American author?

<p>Phillis Wheatley (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Black African heritage is emphasized in African American literature?

<p>Preservation and cultural affirmation of African heritage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key theme in 'The Story of an Hour'?

<p>Freedom from emotional constraints. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice was typically forbidden under slavery?

<p>Learning to read and write. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of Phillis Wheatley's poetry?

<p>Imitation of Eurocentric literary conventions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does literature function as a means of communication among slaves?

<p>Conveying messages through religious songs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the societal status of children born to slave mothers?

<p>They were automatically enslaved. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options best reflects African American cultural experiences post-emancipation?

<p>Feelings of invisibility and voicelessness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'collectivity of experiences' in African American literature?

<p>Highlights communal struggles and triumphs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common venue for the survival of Black African heritage and folklore?

<p>Oral traditions and storytelling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the surprise ending in 'The Story of an Hour' symbolize?

<p>The ultimate freedom of the protagonist. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Emancipation Proclamation

An executive order by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 to end slavery in the Confederate states.

Slave Narratives

Personal accounts written or dictated by ex-slaves about their experiences.

Frederick Douglass

A key abolitionist leader and author of a famous slave narrative.

Olaudah Equiano

An African writer whose autobiography highlighted the horrors of slavery.

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Fugitive Slave Act

Law allowing escaped slaves to be captured and returned to their masters.

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Didactic Purpose

The intention to educate or instruct readers.

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Civil War Amendments

Amendments to the Constitution that abolished slavery and granted citizenship and voting rights.

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Melodramatic Structure

A narrative style that contrasts extremes, evoking strong emotions.

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Novel of manners

A genre that emphasizes manners, codes, and conventions of society.

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Verisimilitude

The quality of appearing to be true or real despite not being so.

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William Dean Howells

A major figure in American literary realism known for focusing on ordinary people.

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Mark Twain

Pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, notable American author known for 'Huckleberry Finn'.

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Huckleberry Finn

Protagonist of Twain's novel, representing freedom and the rejection of civilization.

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Episodic structure

A narrative format consisting of loosely connected events or episodes.

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Juvenile adventure

A genre focusing on young protagonists and their adventures.

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Racial representation of Jim

Jim is portrayed as a complex character, embodying victimhood and agency.

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Critique of antebellum society

Twain's examination of social issues and injustices before the Civil War.

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American core values

Values such as freedom and individualism that define American identity.

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Local Colour Movement

A literary movement focusing on specific regional characteristics, developed in the 1830s-1900.

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American Realism

A literary approach aiming for authenticity in depicting everyday life, especially after the Civil War.

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Social Photography

A form of visual art merging photography with social commentary, especially in war contexts.

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Stereotyping in Literature

The portrayal of characters based on oversimplified and fixed ideas, impacting racial and gender representations.

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Impact on Literary History

The Local Colour Movement significantly influenced realism, feminism, humor, short stories, and modernism.

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Matthew Brady

A photographer known for depicting the Civil War, illustrating the brutality and reality of war.

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Authenticity in Visual Culture

The pursuit of realism in art, particularly in photography, reflecting everyday life.

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Feminist Agenda in Literature

The use of writing by women authors to address gender issues, emerging from the Local Colour Movement.

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Reynolds' critique

Challenges Matthiessen's list and includes women authors.

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Cultural Work of American Fiction

Analyzes the impact of fiction on American culture, highlighting women's contributions.

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Feminization of American culture

Growth of a diverse reading public that included more women and young people.

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Best-selling women authors

Women writers dominated the book market in the 19th century with various genres.

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Sentimental writing style

Emphasizes emotion and moral lessons to inspire social change.

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Bipolar structure

A narrative technique using oppositions to evoke stronger emotional responses.

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Melodramatic mode

Incorporates exaggerated emotional scenes to engage readers deeply.

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Transitional female writers

Writers who evolved from sentimental fiction to feminist themes.

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Kate Chopin's themes

Explores conflicts between societal traditions and personal desires.

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Significance of sentimental novels

Highlight women's perspectives and social grievances, influencing history.

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Reformatory Impulses

Ideological movements advocating for women's education and rights.

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Separation of Spheres

The division of public (men) and domestic (women) roles.

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Republican Motherhood

The idea that women's fulfillment lies in raising virtuous sons.

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Cult of Domesticity

Victorian belief that women should embody virtue and piety at home.

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Anne Bradstreet

Puritan poet who expressed personal feelings in her writing.

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Judith Sargent Murray

Feminist writer who argued for gender equality and education.

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Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and women's rights activist known for 'Ain’t I a Woman?'.

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Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention held in 1848, produced 'Declaration of Sentiments'.

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Declaration of Sentiments

Document modeled after the Declaration of Independence, expressing women's grievances.

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National American Woman Suffrage Association

Merged organization advocating for women's voting rights in 1890.

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19th Amendment

Constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote, ratified in 1920.

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New Woman

A 20th-century term representing independent and self-confident women.

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Feminism

The advocacy of women's rights on the basis of equality.

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Margaret Fuller

Transcendentalist writer advocating for women's rights and independence.

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Self-fulfilment

The right to achieve personal happiness and potential.

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‘The Story of an Hour’

A short story depicting emotional freedom with a surprise ending.

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‘The Storm’

A narrative exploring themes of adultery and female empowerment.

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Adultery

Voluntary sexual relations between a married person and someone else.

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Cultural expectations

Societal norms dictating behaviors and roles in relationships.

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Abolitionism

Movement aimed at abolishing slavery and promoting civil rights.

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Slave codes

Laws governing the lives of enslaved people in America.

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African American literature

Literature produced by African Americans highlighting themes of oppression and resilience.

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Phillis Wheatley

First published African American female poet, known for her neoclassical works.

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Oral tradition

Cultural practices of passing stories through spoken word and songs.

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Role of religion in slavery

Provided a means of communication and cultural unity among slaves.

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Historical context of slavery

Emergence of slavery in America, its growth, and societal implications.

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Women’s roles in literature

Exploration of female experiences and challenges in literature.

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Contradiction to gender roles

Themes that challenge traditional roles assigned to men and women.

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Storytelling as survival

Using literature to reflect the will to endure despite challenges faced by African Americans.

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Study Notes

American Voices through the Civil War into the 20th Century

  • This module examines American literature and thought from the Civil War era to the 20th century.
  • It includes transcendentalism, reform movements, and major figures like Margaret Fuller and Henry David Thoreau.
  • A key platform was The Dial magazine, a group of dissenters from the dominant literary trends of the time.
  • Protest and dissent were major themes in American culture during this period.
  • A significant concern was the disregard for authority and governmental restrictions, exemplified by a preference for individual imagination and expression.

Interlude: American Transcendentalism

  • a philosophical movement (1830-1860s)
  • based in New England
  • stressed the primacy of imagination and transcending boundaries.
  • included the Hedge Club/Transcendental Club at Harvard University.
  • emphasized a connection with idealistic philosophy (Kant) and practical reason.
  • featured a heterogeneous group with various beliefs and practices.
  • influenced American cultural nationalism emerging in the 1810s.

Reformatory Impulses: Women Writers

  • Women had limited opportunities in higher education and property rights.
  • There was a discrepancy between the ideals of documents about equality and the reality for women in that period.
  • The concept of "Republican motherhood" emerged, with women expected to raise virtuous and civic-minded sons.
  • However, critics pointed out that this idea contradicted the limited options women had.
  • Early female proponents challenged gender roles and conventions.
  • Women's rights activism and abolitionism were interconnected social movements.

Reformatory Impulses: African American Cultural and Literary History—Abolitionism

  • Abolitionist movements aimed to end slavery.
  • The Civil War (1861-1865) was a turning point in the fight against slavery.
  • The Emancipation Proclamation and subsequent Civil War Amendments were major milestones in the abolitionist movement.
  • Narrative and written accounts of former slaves were significant, reflecting their experiences.
  • This cultural and literary period reflects a strong African American heritage and a significant struggle for equality.

Literary/Cultural History beyond the Civil War: Local Colour Movement—American Realism—American Naturalism

  • The Local Color Movement focused on distinctly regional literary styles and descriptions.
  • This movement's focus included specific aspects of regional cultures in literature.
  • American Realism emerged as a response to Romanticism and Idealism.
  • It aimed at portraying characters, situations, landscapes, and social problems in America with greater accuracy.
  • This approach tended to focus on the common and ordinary rather than the extraordinary or exceptional.
  • American Naturalism developed as a literary style evolving from realism.
  • It emphasized the role of environmental determinism, heredity, and social forces in shaping human outcomes.
  • Naturalists' depictions of poverty, social injustice, and human limitations distinguished their work from that of realists.

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