American Settlements and Louisiana Purchase
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Questions and Answers

What was a primary reason for the establishment of boomtowns in the West?

  • Government support for settlement
  • The growth of agricultural activities
  • The discovery of large mining deposits (correct)
  • The establishment of railroads

    • What factor contributed to the decline of the Cattle Kingdom?

  • Increased cattle prices
  • Expansion of farms on ranch lands (correct)
  • Improvements in cattle breeding techniques
  • Diminishing railroad demand for cattle

    • Which method of communication was replaced by telegraph lines?

  • Telephone services
  • Postal services
  • Carrier pigeons
  • Pony Express (correct)

    • What was the primary role of cattle drives in the late 19th century?

    <p>To transport cattle to railheads for shipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who became the head of the Mormon Church and led the migration to Utah?

    <p>Brigham Young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor led to the growth of the cattle industry in the West?

    <p>Increased demand for beef</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event indicated a major turning point in transportation across the country?

    <p>The completion of the transcontinental railroad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the major dangers faced by miners during the mining boom?

    <p>Unsafe equipment and cave-ins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major battle marked the Sioux's last significant victory against U.S. forces?

    <p>Battle of Little Bighorn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event was known as the Long Walk for the Navajo people?

    <p>The forced relocation to a reservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement among Native Americans predicted the return of paradise?

    <p>Ghost Dance movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act was designed to bring about the assimilation of Native Americans into American society?

    <p>Dawes General Allotment Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one negative consequence of the Dawes General Allotment Act?

    <p>Loss of two-thirds of Native American land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the leader of the Nez Percé group that resisted U.S. government demands for land?

    <p>Chief Joseph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landmark legislation provided land to farmers to promote settlement in the West?

    <p>Homestead Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to Southern African Americans who migrated to the West after the Civil War?

    <p>Exodusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immigrant groups primarily worked on the railroads during their construction?

    <p>Irish and Chinese immigrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred on May 10, 1869?

    <p>The joining of the railroad lines at Promontory, Utah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system was established by railroad companies to organize the country into different time zones?

    <p>The standard time system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treaty recognized Native American claims to the Great Plains?

    <p>Treaty of Fort Laramie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for most southern Plains Indians after the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge?

    <p>They agreed to move to reservations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conflict was prompted by miners and settlers crossing Plains Indian hunting grounds?

    <p>Battle of Little Big Horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Dawes General Allotment Act aim to achieve?

    <p>To dissolve tribal ownership of land and promote individual land ownership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the construction of the transcontinental railroad primarily facilitate?

    <p>Better transportation for people and goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

    <p>To survey and explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'manifest destiny'?

    <p>The idea that the U.S. should expand its territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Sacagawea play in the Lewis and Clark expedition?

    <p>She served as a guide and interpreter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major challenge faced by settlers traveling the Oregon Trail?

    <p>Difficulties crossing mountainous terrain and rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following states was NOT formed as a result of westward expansion in the 1800s?

    <p>California</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route led from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico?

    <p>Santa Fe Trail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Louisiana Purchase impact the size of the United States?

    <p>It nearly doubled the size of the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated many settlers to travel west along the Oregon Trail?

    <p>A desire for a milder climate and abundant resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nickname was given to farmers who broke up tough turf on the Plains?

    <p>Sodbusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which crop was primarily grown by farmers practicing dry farming on the Great Plains?

    <p>Red wheat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major reason for the creation of farmers' political groups in the late 19th century?

    <p>To address overproduction and low prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization was formed to provide social and educational support for farmers?

    <p>The Grange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legislative act was passed in response to calls for regulation of railroad rates?

    <p>The Interstate Commerce Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event took place in 1889 related to settling the Indian territory?

    <p>The Oklahoma land rush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    William Jennings Bryan was supported by which political group in the election of 1896?

    <p>The Populist Party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the early 1890s, what happened to the frontier in the United States?

    <p>It had ceased to exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Louisiana Purchase nearly tripled the size of the United States.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began their expedition in St. Louis, Missouri.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sacagawea was a Spanish explorer who helped Lewis and Clark.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Oregon Trail was approximately 2,000 miles long.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Manifest destiny was the belief that the United States should only expand to the East.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Santa Fe Trail connected Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Daniel Boone was a key figure in the Lewis and Clark expedition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Settlers on the Oregon Trail faced challenges such as food shortages and difficult weather.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Central Pacific Railroad started its construction in Omaha, Nebraska.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Treaty of Fort Laramie allowed the United States to traverse Native American lands.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most southern Plains Indians opposed going to reservations after the Treaty of Medicine Lodge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geography and weather made building railroads in the West easier.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ghost Dance movement among Native Americans predicted the arrival of a new paradise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The railroads were one of the smallest industries in the country during the 19th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Battle of Little Big Horn involved George Armstrong Custer and the Sioux led by Sitting Bull.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Economic growth and population declined in the West due to the completion of the transcontinental railroad.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mormon Trail was established by Brigham Young for Mormons to travel to Utah.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mining became less dangerous with the advent of new, safe equipment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Comstock Lode was a significant discovery of gold and silver in Nevada.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Cattle Kingdom was limited only to the state of Texas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boomtowns emerged quickly due to the opening of new mines.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pony Express successfully eliminated the need for a transcontinental railroad.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cattle ranching created the Cattle Kingdom by driving herds to the East for transport.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pacific Railway Acts aimed to provide assistance to railroad companies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geronimo led the Apache in their fight until 1886.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Battle of Little BigHorn resulted in a major victory for U.S. troops.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dawes General Allotment Act took about one-third of Native American land.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ghost Dance movement faded after the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Morrill Act provided government land to farmers to promote settlement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thousands of Exodusters migrated to Kansas and other areas in the West after the Civil War.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sarah Winnemucca was a prominent leader among the Sioux people.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Navajo people were forced on a 300-mile march known as the Long Walk.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Farmers in the Great Plains were often referred to as sodbusters.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Annie Bidwell was known for her support of various social causes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The National Grange was a political organization focused solely on lobbying Congress.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 effectively enforced national regulations for trade.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 1880, one-fourth of all farms in the United States were rented by tenant farmers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Populist Party supported government ownership of railroads and communication systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oklahoma was settled by homesteaders before 1870.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Great Plains became known as the breadbasket of the world due to the abundance of crops.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    American Settlements in the West

    • By the 1800s, thousands of Americans had settled between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
    • Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were admitted as states.
    • Settlers depended on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers to move products east.
    • The United States was dependent on access to the port of New Orleans for trade.

    Louisiana Purchase and Western Exploration

    • French leader Napoleon needed money to finance his war with England and offered to sell all of Louisiana to the United States.
    • The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States and cost $15 million.
    • The United States then sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead an expedition to explore the newly acquired land.
    • The Lewis and Clark expedition began in St. Louis, Missouri in May, 1804, and reached the Pacific Ocean in November, 1805.
    • Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, served as a guide and interpreter for the expedition.

    Manifest Destiny and Mountain Men

    • The idea of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States should expand from coast to coast, was becoming a reality.
    • Daniel Boone, a frontier guide, helped create the Wilderness Road through the Appalachian Mountains.
    • Fur traders and trappers were some of the first Americans to explore the West.

    Westward Trails

    • The Oregon Trail, a 2,000-mile journey from Independence, Missouri to Oregon, was a challenging journey due to food shortages, bad weather, and difficult terrain.
    • The Santa Fe Trail, a Native American trading route from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico, allowed traders to exchange American goods for Mexican goods.
    • The Mormon Trail led a group of Mormons under Brigham Young to Utah, where they established a community.

    Mining Boom and Growth in the West

    • California was added to the Union in 1850, extending the American frontier to the Pacific Ocean.
    • Settlers built homes, ranches, and farms.
    • Railroads expanded west to transport western goods to eastern markets.
    • Mining companies shipped gold and silver east from their mines.
    • Discoveries of large deposits of precious metals, like the Comstock Lode in Nevada, fueled growth in the mining industry.
    • Boomtowns grew rapidly when mines opened and disappeared just as quickly when they closed.
    • Mining was a dangerous occupation, with unsafe equipment, unhealthy working conditions, and frequent accidents.

    Cattle Kingdom on the Great Plains

    • Increased demand for beef drove the cattle industry to grow.
    • Cattle ranchers drove herds from Texas to Abilene, Kansas, for shipping eastward.
    • Cattle ranching expanded across the Great Plains, creating the Cattle Kingdom, stretching from Texas to Canada.
    • Ranchers grazed large herds of cattle on public land known as the open range.
    • Competition, the invention of barbed wire, and the loss of prairie grass brought an end to the Cattle Kingdom.

    Transportation in the West

    • The growth of the West led to a demand for communication across the country.
    • The Pony Express carried messages along a 2,000-mile route.
    • Telegraph lines quickly replaced the Pony Express.
    • Congress passed the Pacific Railway Acts in 1862 and 1864, granting loans and land to railroad companies in exchange for lower costs for mail and troop transport.
    • The Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California and worked eastward, while the Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska and worked westward.
    • The railroads were constructed by large numbers of Irish and Chinese immigrants, who faced challenging geographical and weather conditions.
    • The transcontinental railroad was completed with the joining of the two lines with a golden spike at Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869.
    • Railroads contributed to economic growth and population increase in the West, provided better transportation for people and goods, and encouraged westward migration.
    • The standard time system, organized by railroad companies, divided the country into four time zones.

    Conflicts Between Native Americans and the U.S. Government

    • As settlers began crossing the Great Plains in the mid-1800s, they pressured the federal government for access to western lands.
    • Increased numbers of miners and settlers led to conflict with the Plains Indians.

    Treaties and Conflicts Over Land

    • The Treaty of Fort Laramie recognized Native American claims to the Great Plains, while allowing the U.S. to build forts and travel across their lands.
    • The discovery of gold in Colorado led to negotiations for new treaties, sending Native Americans to live on reservations.
    • The movement of pioneers and miners across the Great Plains and through Native American hunting grounds resulted in conflict with the Sioux, led by Crazy Horse.
    • Most Southern Plains Indians agreed to go to reservations under the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge, but the Comanche continued to fight until 1875.
    • African American cavalry, known as Buffalo Soldiers, were employed to force resistant Native Americans onto reservations.
    • By the 1880s, most Native Americans stopped fighting, except the Apache, led by Geronimo, who fought until 1886.

    Northern Plains Conflicts

    • The Sioux and U.S. troops were involved in battles throughout the 1800s.
    • In 1876, George Armstrong Custer’s troops were defeated by Sioux forces led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull at the Battle of Little Bighorn, marking the Sioux’s last major victory.
    • In 1890, U.S. troops killed about 150 Sioux in the Massacre at Wounded Knee.

    Southwest Conflicts

    • The Navajo refused to settle on reservations, resulting in raids on their fields, homes, and livestock by U.S. troops.
    • Deprived of food and shelter, the Navajo surrendered.
    • The Navajo were forced to walk 300 miles to a reservation, known as the Long Walk, during which many died.

    Far West Conflicts

    • The Nez Perce initially secured a promise from the United States to allow them to keep their land in Oregon.
    • The U.S. later demanded the land, leading to resistance from a group of Nez Perce led by Chief Joseph.
    • U.S. troops forced Chief Joseph and his followers to a reservation in Oklahoma.

    The End of a Way of Life

    • Ghost Dance movement arose, predicting paradise for Native Americans.
    • The Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 marked the end of the Ghost Dance movement.
    • Sarah Winnemucca, a Paiute, spoke out against the reservations system and called for reforms in the 1870s.
    • The Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887 aimed to assimilate Native Americans into American society by assigning land ownership, but ultimately resulted in the loss of a significant portion of Native American land.

    Farming and Populism on the Great Plains

    • In 1862, two important land-grant acts helped open the West to settlers.
    • The Homestead Act offered free government land to farmers.
    • The Morrill Act provided federal land to states for sale, with funds designated for colleges teaching agriculture and engineering.

    New Lives on the Plains

    • Women, immigrants, and African Americans moved West.
    • Thousands of African Americans from the South, known as Exodusters, migrated to Kansas and other western states.
    • The challenging conditions of breaking up the tough turf on the Plains earned farmers the nickname "sodbusters."
    • New inventions, such as threshing machines and windmills, helped Plains farmers.
    • Farmers began dry farming, cultivating hardy crops like red wheat.
    • The Great Plains became known as the breadbasket of the world as crops were shipped eastward by train and then overseas.

    Building Communities

    • Women played a crucial role in frontier settlement.
    • Annie Bidwell, a founder of Chico, California, supported various social causes.
    • Farmers formed close-knit communities, establishing churches and schools.
    • Children helped with chores on the farm.

    Farmers’ Political Groups and Challenges

    • Increased farms and productivity led to overproduction and lower prices.
    • Many farmers suffered financial losses and became tenant farmers.
    • By 1880, one-fourth of all farms were rented by tenants.
    • To protect their interests, farmers formed organizations such as the National Grange, a social and educational group that called for regulations on railroad rates.
    • The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 attempted to regulate national trade, but lacked enforcement power.
    • The Farmers’ Alliances formed the Populist Party, advocating for government ownership of railroads and communication systems, free silver, and labor regulations.
    • The Populist Party supported William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 election, but his defeat resulted in the decline of the Farmers’ Alliances and the Populist Party.

    End of the Frontier

    • By 1870, only small portions of the Great Plains remained unsettled.
    • The U.S. government opened the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) to homesteaders in 1889, leading to the Oklahoma land rush, where settlers claimed over 11 million acres of former Indian land.
    • The frontier officially ceased to exist by the early 1890s.

    A Growing Nation

    • The United States expanded its territory in the early 1800s, with Americans settling between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
    • The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 almost doubled the size of the U.S. after President Jefferson purchased it from Napoleon for $15 million.
    • Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the vast territories gained in the Louisiana Purchase.
    • Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the expedition began in 1804 and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1805.
    • Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, served as an interpreter and guide for the expedition.
    • The idea of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States was destined to expand from coast to coast, grew stronger as more Americans explored and settled westward.
    • The Oregon Trail, a 2,000-mile path from Independence, Missouri to Oregon, lured settlers with promises of rich resources and mild climate.
    • The Santa Fe Trail led from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico, facilitating trading routes and American expansion into the Southwest.
    • The Mormon Trail, led by Brigham Young, took thousands of Mormons to Utah, establishing a large community there by 1860.

    Boom Times in the West

    • The California Gold Rush, beginning in 1848, led to a rapid economic growth in the West.
    • Mining booms resulted in rapid growth of boomtowns, fueled by large deposits of gold and silver, like the Comstock Lode in Nevada.
    • The expansion of railroads into the West facilitated the transportation of goods and people, further boosting economic growth.
    • The cattle industry thrived with the growing demand for beef, leading to cattle drives from Texas to Kansas.
    • The invention of barbed wire and competition for land brought the Cattle Kingdom to an end.
    • In 1869, the transcontinental railroad was completed, uniting the East and West coasts and revolutionizing transportation.
    • The Pony Express, a short-lived communication system using horses, was overtaken by telegraph lines, marking the efficiency of new technologies.
    • Railroad companies standardized time zones across the United States.

    Wars for the West

    • Conflicts arose between settlers and Native Americans over land claims and resources on the Western frontier.
    • The Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 recognized Native American claims to the Great Plains, but tensions continued as settlers and miners encroached on their territories.
    • The U.S. government forced many Native Americans onto reservations, resulting in conflict and resistance.
    • Notable Native American leaders, like Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, and Chief Joseph, fought for their land and way of life.
    • The Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876 was a major defeat for U.S. troops against the Sioux, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.
    • The Massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890 resulted in the deaths of about 150 Sioux, signifying a tragedy and turning point in the conflict.
    • The Navajo were forced on the "Long Walk" to a reservation, losing their land and suffering hardships.
    • The Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887 aimed to assimilate Native Americans into American society but resulted in the loss of two-thirds of their land.

    Farming and Populism

    • The Homestead Act and the Morrill Act provided land opportunities for settlers, encouraging them to build new communities in the West.
    • The westward movement included diverse groups like women, immigrants, and African Americans, known as "Exodusters" who sought new opportunities.
    • Farmers faced challenges on the Great Plains, including tough soil and harsh weather conditions, earning them the nickname "sodbusters."
    • Dry farming techniques and new inventions helped farmers adapt to the climate and grow hardy crops like red wheat.
    • The Great Plains became known as the "breadbasket of the world" due to large-scale grain production.
    • Farmers formed organizations like the National Grange to protect their interests and advocate for fairer policies.
    • The Populist Party developed to represent farmers and workers, advocating for government regulation of railroads, banks, and monopolies.
    • The defeat of their candidate, William Jennings Bryan, in the 1896 election marked the decline of the Populist Party.
    • By 1890, the frontier ceased to exist as most of the Great Plains were settled, marking the end of an era of westward expansion in the United States.

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