American Revolution: Loyalists and Tories

Study Notes

American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War
Also known as Loyalists
Estimated to be around 15-20% of the colonial population

Generally wealthy, well-educated, and held positions of power
Many were recent immigrants from Britain or had strong business connections with Britain
Believed in the authority of the British government and the legitimacy of the monarchy
Fearful of the radicalism and disorder of the Revolution
Often saw the Revolution as a threat to their social status and economic interests

Loyalty to the British Crown and the idea of monarchy
Fear of the unknown and the potential for anarchy and chaos
Economic interests tied to Britain, such as trade and commerce
Belief in the authority of the British government to maintain order and stability
Opposition to the radical ideas of the Revolution, such as democracy and republicanism

Often subjected to persecution, harassment, and violence by Patriot forces
Many had their property confiscated, were forced to flee, or were imprisoned
Some were tarred and feathered, a form of public humiliation and punishment
After the war, many Tories fled to Britain or Canada, where they were granted land and compensation for their losses

Tories, also known as Loyalists, were American colonists loyal to the British Crown during the Revolutionary War.
Represented an estimated 15-20% of the colonial population.
Predominantly wealthy, educated, and held influential positions in society.

Many Tories were recent immigrants from Britain or had strong commercial ties to British markets.
They held a firm belief in the authority and legitimacy of the British government and monarchy.
Concerned about the revolutionary radicalism that threatened established social and economic orders.

Commitment to the British Crown and the concept of monarchy.
Fear of chaos and potential anarchy that could arise from the Revolution.
Economic interests linked to Britain, particularly in trade and commerce.
Belief that British government was essential for maintaining social order and stability.
Resistance to radical revolutionary ideals, including democracy and republicanism.

Tories faced persecution, harassment, and violence from Patriot forces during the conflict.
Numerous Loyalists had their properties confiscated, were exiled, or imprisoned for their beliefs.
Public punishments included being tarred and feathered, a humiliating form of discipline.
After the war, many Tories relocated to Britain or Canada and received land and compensation for their losses.

Washington's approach during the American Revolutionary War was largely defensive, aimed at exhausting British resources through minor engagements.
Employed a "fabian strategy" to avoid direct battles, inspired by Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus, focusing on disruption instead.
Utilized guerrilla tactics including hit-and-run strategies and ambushes to weaken British morale and cohesion.
Acknowledged the strategic significance of key locations like Boston and New York City, aiming to prevent British control over these areas.

Washington's effective leadership was crucial in sustaining morale and unity within the Continental Army throughout the war.
Demonstrated strong diplomatic abilities, navigating disagreements among state militias and fostering relations with European allies.
Inspired deep loyalty among soldiers, who remained committed despite challenging conditions and inconsistent compensation.
Excelled in communication, clearly articulating his vision and military strategy to both officers and enlisted men.

Recognized the critical role of European allies, actively nurturing relationships with France, Spain, and the Netherlands.
Secured a formal alliance with France in 1778, which significantly bolstered the Continental Army with military and financial support.
Engaged in diplomatic efforts to maintain positive relations with European powers through correspondence and military strategy.
Aimed to showcase American military capabilities and autonomy, which helped to gain European backing and recognition of American independence.