American Reform Movements and Key Figures

A Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation as long as facilities were equal.

Laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

A belief combining physical fitness with Christian values, promoting strength for men.

Baseball became popular in America, especially after the Civil War.

Young Men’s Christian Association; promoted physical fitness and sports for men.

Public spaces that were separated based on race, often unequal in quality.

Established in 1876, it was the first major professional baseball league in the US.

The Civil War era saw the popularity of baseball and other sports among soldiers.

Leadership focused on non-confrontation and patronage post-Reconstruction.

Nationwide organization of women formed in 1890 to improve communities.

Justifications for women's work based on their roles as mothers.

Leading organization advocating for alcohol prohibition, founded in 1874.

Activist who campaigned against lynching; one of the earliest voices for civil rights.

Network of local women’s clubs formed to support African American communities.

Social campaign aimed at banning alcohol consumption, drew mixed support.

Efforts by black club women to improve community health and welfare.

An agency established in 1916 to oversee and manage the U.S. park system.

A law passed in 1900 aimed at protecting wildlife and regulating the trade of wildlife products.

President who established the first National Wildlife Refuge in 1903.

In the early 20th century, education became crucial for securing jobs, especially among affluent youth.

Laws enacted to require children aged five to eighteen to attend school.

Colleges and schools that admitted only one sex, predominantly female in the Northeast and South.

Used by couples in the late 19th century, including methods like condoms and diaphragms.

A federal law from 1873 that prohibited the mailing of obscene materials, including information about sex.

A movement advocating for women's right to vote in elections.

Individuals or groups opposing women's suffrage, claiming it undermines traditional roles.

The belief that competition drives progress and success within society, based on Darwinian theories.

A group in Greenwich Village that supported radical feminist ideas and discourse.

A neighborhood known for its bohemian culture and early feminist movements in NYC.

An American sociologist who championed Social Darwinism, arguing competition is natural.

Proposes that species adapt through random genetic mutations that are beneficial.

Local elections where voters elect leaders for their cities or towns.

A nativist political organization formed by militant Protestants advocating anti-Catholic policies.

Militant Protestant groups believing in the literal truth of the Bible and opposing modernist interpretations.

A prominent fundamentalist preacher known for his revival meetings and blending faith with social advocacy.

A former baseball player turned preacher, who used his celebrity status for evangelical purposes and reform.

A policy that favors native citizens over immigrants, often with an anti-foreign sentiment.

A movement to renew Jewish faith by modernizing practices and focusing on social justice.

A movement emphasizing the application of Christian principles to social problems, such as poverty and injustice.

Jewish congregations that maintain traditional practices and customs from Eastern European roots.

Efforts by Protestants to spread Christianity worldwide, often providing assistance and education.

Missionary efforts that combined spiritual conversion with offering medical care to local populations.

A statement affirming the literal truth of the Bible and the need for salvation through Christ.

A Christian organization founded to provide social services, including support for the urban poor.

Women played a significant role in missionary work, bringing education and healthcare to communities.