American Pageant Chapters 22-26 Terms

Questions and Answers

Who was Mary Baker Eddy?

The creator of the new religion the Church of Christ Scientist and author of the book Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.

What was the Chautauqua Movement?

An education reform movement that featured public lectures aimed at adults.

Who was Booker T. Washington?

A leader in black education who focused on teaching useful skills at Tuskegee Institute.

What is George Washington Carver known for?

Inventing peanut butter and discovering numerous uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Tuskegee Institute?

A black industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in 1881. Signup and view all the answers

Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?

An activist who advocated for complete equality for blacks and was the first to earn a Ph.D. at Harvard. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Joseph Pulitzer?

A tycoon in journalism known for sensationalism in newspapers. Signup and view all the answers

Who was William Randolph Hearst?

A journalist known for employing sensationalism and rivalry with Joseph Pulitzer. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Horatio Alger?

A popular Puritan writer known for his moral novels. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Emily Dickinson?

A reclusive female poet whose work became popular posthumously. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Mark Twain?

A renowned author who coined the term 'Gilded Age' and wrote many significant literary works. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Charlotte Perkins Gilman?

A feminist writer who promoted feminist thinking and independence. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Buffalo Soldiers?

African American soldiers in the U.S. Army who fought against Western Indians. Signup and view all the answers

Who was George Custer?

A Civil War general known for his role in the Indian Wars against Sitting Bull. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Sitting Bull?

The leader of the Sioux warriors who fought against Custer's forces. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Geronimo?

A fierce leader of the Apache tribes who resisted U.S. Army control. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Battle of Wounded Knee?

A battle that occurred in reaction to the Dakota Ghost Dance cult. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Dawes Act?

An act intended to assimilate Native Americans into American culture. Signup and view all the answers

What was The Long Drive?

The cattle industry's practice of driving cows to railroad terminals for transport. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Homestead Act?

An act allowing settlers to claim up to 160 acres of land. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Sooners?

People who entered the Oklahoma Territory illegally before it was officially opened. Signup and view all the answers

What was The Grange?

An organization aimed at fostering social and educational experiences for farmers. Signup and view all the answers

What was The Pullman Strike?

A strike resulting from wage cuts at the Pullman Palace Car Company without corresponding rent reductions. Signup and view all the answers

Who was William Jennings Bryan?

The populist presidential candidate who lost to William McKinley. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?

Provide welfare for free blacks and whites Signup and view all the answers

Who was the head of the Freedman's Bureau?

Oliver Howard Signup and view all the answers

What does '40 acres and a mule' refer to?

Land and livestock promised to freed slaves Signup and view all the answers

Reconstruction refers to the process of rebuilding the South after the Civil War.

True Signup and view all the answers

What were Black Codes?

Harsh regulations to control freedmen Signup and view all the answers

What practice was triggered by Black Codes?

Sharecropping Signup and view all the answers

The Civil Rights Bill was vetoed by President Johnson.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the 14th Amendment guarantee?

Civil rights and citizenship Signup and view all the answers

Who was Thaddeus Stevens?

A leader of the radical Republicans Signup and view all the answers

The 15th Amendment granted black women the right to vote.

False Signup and view all the answers

What were Redeemers?

White Democrat leaders reclaiming power Signup and view all the answers

Define Scalawags.

Southern supporters of black rights Signup and view all the answers

What is the Ku Klux Klan?

A secret organization opposing radical rule Signup and view all the answers

What is Seward's Folly?

The purchase of Alaska Signup and view all the answers

Who was known for fraud and corruption in New York City?

'Boss' Tweed Signup and view all the answers

The Crédit Mobilier Scandal involved high prices paid to inside workers.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a Greenback?

A currency used during the Civil War Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hard-money' refer to?

Opposition to greenbacks Signup and view all the answers

The Gilded Age refers to a time of economic prosperity.

True Signup and view all the answers

What were Jim Crow Laws?

Legal codes enforcing racial segregation Signup and view all the answers

What was the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson?

'Separate but equal' doctrine Signup and view all the answers

What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?

Prohibited immigration from China Signup and view all the answers

The assassination of James Garfield was a result of infighting within the Republican Party.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the Pendleton Act?

Legislation for civil service reform Signup and view all the answers

What were Mugwumps?

Republicans who switched to the Democrat Party Signup and view all the answers

What nickname was given to the Congress that dealt with a surplus of a billion dollars?

The Billion Dollar Congress Signup and view all the answers

What did the People's Party advocate for?

Inflation and shorter workdays Signup and view all the answers

What were land grants?

Plots of land reserved for railroads Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Union Pacific Railroad?

Connect the North to the Pacific Ocean Signup and view all the answers

Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt?

A leading figure in railroad expansion Signup and view all the answers

What did the Interstate Commerce Act aim to regulate?

Railroad monopolies and rates Signup and view all the answers

What industry is Andrew Carnegie associated with?

Steel industry Signup and view all the answers

Who was John Rockefeller?

An influential oil baron Signup and view all the answers

What is a plutocracy?

A ruling class of the wealthy Signup and view all the answers

Define vertical integration.

Control of all steps in production Signup and view all the answers

What is horizontal integration?

Combining similar businesses Signup and view all the answers

What are trusts in a business context?

Large-scale business combinations Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'robber baron' refer to?

Wealthy businessmen using unethical practices Signup and view all the answers

What was the Sherman Antitrust Act?

Legislation against monopolies Signup and view all the answers

Who was James Buchanan Duke?

A tobacco industry innovator Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gibson Girl symbolize?

A new ideal of independence for women Signup and view all the answers

What were the Knights of Labor?

An organization for workers' rights Signup and view all the answers

What happened at Haymarket Square?

Violence stalled labor movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the American Federation of Labor?

A federation for skilled workers Signup and view all the answers

Who was Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones?

A labor activist Signup and view all the answers

Who organized the American Federation of Labor?

Samuel Gompers Signup and view all the answers

What was a Dumbbell Tenement?

A type of overcrowded apartment Signup and view all the answers

Who founded Hull House?

Jane Addams Signup and view all the answers

What are Settlement Houses?

Houses aiding immigrant adjustment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction

Freedmen's Bureau served as a welfare agency aiding free blacks and whites, with notable successes in education.
Oliver Howard, a former Union general, headed the Bureau and was an ally to the black community.
Reconstruction aimed at rebuilding the South and the federal government post-Civil War, with much debate surrounding the reentry of seceded states into the Union.

Legislation and Amendments

Black Codes were stringent laws established to regulate freedmen's actions and restore pre-Civil War race relations.
The Civil Rights Bill sought to grant black citizenship rights in response to Black Codes but was initially vetoed by President Johnson.
The 14th Amendment conferred citizenship on former slaves, excluded Confederate leaders from office, and penalized states denying voting rights to blacks, though it did not guarantee voting rights.
The 15th Amendment, established in 1869, guaranteed suffrage for black males, addressing fears of Southern states bypassing black voting rights.

Key Figures and Movements

Thaddeus Stevens was a radical leader advocating for black rights during Reconstruction.
Redeemers were white Democrats aiming to regain power from radical Republican regimes in the South.
Scalawags and carpetbaggers were terms used to describe Southern supporters of black rights and Northern newcomers, respectively, often viewed with disdain.
The Ku Klux Klan formed in opposition to radical rule, initially discouraging black voting before resorting to violence.

Economic Developments and Scandals

Seward's Folly refers to the purchase of Alaska, noted for its initial criticism.
"Boss" Tweed led the Tweed Ring in New York City, notorious for corrupt practices including fraud and bribery.
The Crédit Mobilier Scandal involved Union Pacific Railroad executives embezzling funds and bribing congressmen.
The Billion Dollar Congress, named after its historical budget, favored spending on veterans' pensions and high tariffs.

Labor Movements and Changes

The American Federation of Labor, led by Samuel Gompers, focused on skilled laborers and avoided radical tactics.
The Knights of Labor favored broad worker inclusion, promoting economic and social reforms until their reputation suffered from violence at Haymarket Square.
The Dumbbell Tenement exemplified poor living conditions for urban residents, leading to social reform movements.

Jane Addams founded Hull House to support immigrants, providing essential services and advocating for women's rights.
The Chautauqua Movement sought education reform through public lectures to engage adult learners, featuring notable speakers like Mark Twain.

Prominent Figures in Education and Activism

Booker T. Washington emphasized vocational training for blacks at the Tuskegee Institute, promoting economic independence over direct confrontation of racism.
W.E.B. Du Bois, contrasting Washington's approach, demanded complete equality and was a co-founder of the NAACP, advocating for civil rights and higher education for blacks.

Notable Economic Figures and Concepts

Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller were pivotal industrialists in steel and oil, respectively, using vertical and horizontal integration to establish monopolies.
The Sherman Antitrust Act aimed to dismantle monopolistic practices in response to growing public concern about the power of tycoons.
The term "plutocracy" describes the control exercised by wealthy businessmen, often leading to public resentment over their influence.### Joseph Pulitzer
A prominent journalism tycoon known for sensationalism in reporting to boost newspaper sales.
Engaged in a notable rivalry with William Randolph Hearst.
Established influential newspapers in St. Louis and New York.

William Randolph Hearst

Described as "ruthless," he was Pulitzer's main competitor in journalism.
Expelled from college due to pranks, he capitalized on family wealth for success.
Adopted similar sensationalist strategies as Pulitzer to maintain newspaper sales.

Horatio Alger

A revered Puritan author known for moralistic fiction aimed at inspiring success through virtue and honesty.
His stories highlighted the rewards of integrity, resonating with many readers during his time.

Emily Dickinson

A reclusive poet whose works gained popularity posthumously.
Authored extensive poems that explored profound themes and emotions.

Mark Twain

A celebrated author who coined the term "Gilded Age" to describe the era of wealth disparity.
His writings initially faced criticism from British audiences, being perceived as a departure from traditional literary elegance.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A feminist advocate who voiced the rising independence of women through her literature.
Used her charm and presence to promote feminist ideas and critique societal norms.

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army and fought against Native American tribes in the West.
Their name was given by Native Americans, referencing the resemblance of their hair to a buffalo’s coat.

George Custer

Known as the "boy general" from the Civil War, Custer manipulated public sentiment to provoke conflict with Sitting Bull's warriors.
Announced gold discoveries in tribal territories, inciting a cavalry mobilization against the Plains Indians.

Sitting Bull

The influential leader of the Sioux warriors in conflict with Colonel Custer.
Driven to war after Custer's provocations drew gold-seekers into Sioux lands.

Geronimo

Fierce leader of the Apache tribes known for resisting U.S. Army control.
Faced relentless pursuit from the Army, which forced the peaceful acceptance of exile of Apache women.

Wounded Knee

A significant battle that emerged in response to the Dakota Ghost Dance cult.
The cult's creation arose after the ban on the Sun Dance, leading to a violent suppression during the Battle of Wounded Knee.

Dawes Act

Legislation aimed at the forced assimilation of Native Americans into American society.
Resulted in the loss of tribal lands and enforced relocation to reservations.

The Long Drive

A critical component of the cattle industry where cowboys transported cattle to railroad terminals.
Enabled mass cattle production, facilitating efficient meat processing and transportation.

Homestead Act

Legislation allowing settlers to claim up to 160 acres of land if they lived on it for five years and improved it, for a fee of $30.
Shifted land policy from profit-driven sales to encouraging settlement in the West.

Sooners

Individuals who illegally occupied land in the Oklahoma Territory ahead of official openings.
Their actions reflected the eagerness of settlers to discover and claim new land.

The Grange

An organization known as the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, aimed at uniting farmers socially and educationally.
Founded by Oliver H. Kelley, it helped combat the isolation experienced by rural families through community events.

The Pullman Strike

A significant labor action sparked by drastic wage cuts at the Pullman Palace Car Company, with unchanged rents in company housing.
Resulted in widespread strike actions, disrupting rail traffic from Chicago to the West Coast, with limited support from organized labor groups.

William Jennings Bryan

Notable populist presidential candidate who lost to William McKinley.
Gained recognition for advocating the silver standard and delivering the famous "Cross of Gold" speech during the campaign.

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Test your knowledge of key terms from Chapters 22 to 26 of 'The American Pageant'. This quiz covers significant figures and concepts such as the Freedmen's Bureau and its leaders, providing a comprehensive understanding of the post-Civil War era in America. Perfect for students seeking to deepen their grasp of American history.