American Pageant Chapter 25 Review

Urban Growth and Population Dynamics

• In 1890, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had populations exceeding 1 million.
• By 1900, London was the largest city, followed by New York.
• Buenos Aires’ population grew over tenfold from 1850 to 1900.
• Between 1850 and 1870, 6 million immigrants entered America; 5 million during the 1880s, peaking at a record of 2,100 per day in 1882.

Skyscrapers and Urban Infrastructure

• Louis Sullivan, known for the phrase "form follows function," was pivotal in skyscraper design.
• Elevators contributed significantly to the usability of skyscrapers.
• Boston was home to the nation’s first subway.

Iconic Structures and Shopping Developments

• The Brooklyn Bridge was an engineering marvel in New York.
• Macy's debuted in New York and Marshall Field's in Chicago as prominent department stores.

Literature and Cultural Reflections

• Theodore Dreiser authored "Sister Carrie," featuring the character Carrie Meeber.
• Rural general stores were replaced by mail-order houses like Sears and Montgomery Ward.

Urban Issues and Conditions

• Waste disposal became a critical urban challenge, with slums referred to as "human pigsties."
• Baltimore was noted for its unpleasant odors, likened to "a billion polecats."
• The advent of the "dumbbell" tenement design facilitated the proliferation of slums.

Tenements and Living Conditions

• New York's slums were primarily located in the area known as "Lung Block," home to "flophouses."
• The Great Chicago Fire devastated 2/3 of downtown Chicago, leaving 90,000 homeless.

Immigration Patterns and Influences

• Southern and eastern European immigrants were categorized as New Immigrants, including Italians, Jews, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles.
• Ethnic enclaves like Little Italy and Little Poland mirrored the population of larger cities in Europe.
• About 60 million Europeans emigrated to the New World, with approximately half settling in the United States.
• "American letters" encouraged many to immigrate, reinforcing connections.

Social Movements and Community Advocacy

• Jewish immigrants stood out among New Immigrants for their previous experience in urban European settings.
• "Birds of passage" referred to immigrants who returned to their home countries after earning money.
• Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden, as "Christian socialists," promoted the "social gospel" emphasizing societal reform based on the Sermon on the Mount.

Settlement Houses and Social Reform

• Jane Addams founded the Hull House, the most notable American settlement house, and received the Nobel Prize for her efforts.
• William James complimented Addams on her insights.
• Addams' anti-war stance led to her expulsion from the Daughters of the American Revolution.
• Following Addams's model, settlement houses emerged, with the Henry Street Settlement established by Lillian Wald.

Nativism and Anti-Foreign Sentiment

• Nativists expressed concerns that America was becoming a "dumping ground" rather than a melting pot.
• The American Protective Association discriminated against Roman Catholics, reflecting widespread antiforeign sentiments.

Symbolism and Recognition

• The Statue of Liberty, gifted by France, was inaugurated in New York harbor in 1886.
• John was recognized as a key figure in the Baptist Church, and another individual was noted for his influence in the Episcopal Church.