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Questions and Answers
Which of the following business strategies involved a company controlling all aspects of production, from raw materials to finished products?
Which of the following business strategies involved a company controlling all aspects of production, from raw materials to finished products?
Which of these individuals was known for his dominance in the oil industry?
Which of these individuals was known for his dominance in the oil industry?
Which legislation aimed to prevent the creation of monopolies and trusts?
Which legislation aimed to prevent the creation of monopolies and trusts?
What was the primary impact of the Bessemer Process on the industrial landscape?
What was the primary impact of the Bessemer Process on the industrial landscape?
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The development of which of these significantly impacted the expansion of consumer culture in rural America?
The development of which of these significantly impacted the expansion of consumer culture in rural America?
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Which of these ideologies championed the idea that wealth inequality was a natural consequence of a competitive society?
Which of these ideologies championed the idea that wealth inequality was a natural consequence of a competitive society?
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The Haymarket Riot was a labor protest that turned violent, leading to which of the following?
The Haymarket Riot was a labor protest that turned violent, leading to which of the following?
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Which of these individuals is most closely associated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and its advocacy for skilled workers’ rights?
Which of these individuals is most closely associated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and its advocacy for skilled workers’ rights?
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What was the primary aim of the Dawes Act (1887)?
What was the primary aim of the Dawes Act (1887)?
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Which of the following accurately describes the 'separate but equal' doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson?
Which of the following accurately describes the 'separate but equal' doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson?
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Which of the following was NOT a major factor in the westward expansion of the United States in the 19th century?
Which of the following was NOT a major factor in the westward expansion of the United States in the 19th century?
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What was the main objective of the Grange Movement?
What was the main objective of the Grange Movement?
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Which of the following best characterizes the difference between the 'Old' and 'New' immigration waves to the United States?
Which of the following best characterizes the difference between the 'Old' and 'New' immigration waves to the United States?
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Which of the following events symbolizes both Native American resistance and eventual defeat in the conflict with the U.S. military?
Which of the following events symbolizes both Native American resistance and eventual defeat in the conflict with the U.S. military?
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What was the primary effect of the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) on American politics?
What was the primary effect of the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) on American politics?
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Which of the following figures advocated for immediate social and political equality for African Americans, contrasting with a more gradual approach to civil rights?
Which of the following figures advocated for immediate social and political equality for African Americans, contrasting with a more gradual approach to civil rights?
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Flashcards
Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad
A railway system completed in 1869 connecting the eastern and western U.S.
Railroad Act of 1862
Railroad Act of 1862
Legislation supporting the construction of the transcontinental railroad with land grants and funding.
Vertical Integration
Vertical Integration
Business strategy controlling all aspects of production from raw materials to finished products.
Horizontal Integration
Horizontal Integration
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Bessemer Process
Bessemer Process
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Gospel of Wealth
Gospel of Wealth
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Sherman Antitrust Act
Sherman Antitrust Act
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Interstate Commerce Act
Interstate Commerce Act
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Homestead Act (1862)
Homestead Act (1862)
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Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
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Dawes Act (1887)
Dawes Act (1887)
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A Century of Dishonor (1881)
A Century of Dishonor (1881)
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Old vs. New Immigration
Old vs. New Immigration
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
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WEB DuBois vs. Booker T. Washington
WEB DuBois vs. Booker T. Washington
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Study Notes
Industry, Business, and Labor
- Transcontinental Railroad: Connected the eastern and western United States in 1869, facilitating trade and migration.
- Railroad Act of 1862: Provided government support for transcontinental railroad construction (land grants and financial incentives).
- Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads: Built the transcontinental railroad, one from each coast.
- Impact of Railroads: Spurred industrial growth, opened new markets, expanded cities, and decreased Native American resistance.
- Key Industrialists: J.P. Morgan (banking), Rockefeller (oil), Carnegie (steel), and Vanderbilt (railroads) dominated their respective industries.
- Vertical Integration: Controlling all aspects of production (from raw materials to finished products) — e.g., Carnegie Steel.
- Horizontal Integration: Merging with competitors to create monopolies—e.g., Rockefeller's Standard Oil.
- Bessemer Process: Efficient steel production, revolutionizing construction and manufacturing.
- Sears & Roebuck: Major mail-order retailer, expanding consumer culture in rural America.
- Social Darwinism vs. Social Gospel: Competing ideologies regarding wealth inequality—Social Darwinism justified it, while the Social Gospel advocated for social justice.
- Gospel of Wealth: Carnegie's philosophy that the wealthy should use their wealth for social good.
- Laissez-faire Economics: Government should not interfere in business and promote free markets with minimal regulation.
- Samuel Gompers & Unions: Led the American Federation of Labor (AFL), advocating for skilled workers' rights.
- Railroad Strike of 1877: First major labor strike in the U.S. , sparked by wage cuts.
- Haymarket Riot: Labor protest in Chicago that turned violent.
- Sherman Antitrust Act (1890): First federal law aiming to break up monopolies and trusts.
- Interstate Commerce Act (1887): Regulated railroad rates and prevented unfair business practices.
Immigration
- Old vs. New Immigration: Old immigrants (pre-1880) came from Northern and Western Europe, while new immigrants (1880–1920) arrived from Southern and Eastern Europe.
- Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): First U.S. immigration law to ban an ethnic group (Chinese).
- Ellis Island and Angel Island: Major immigration processing centers on the East and West coasts, respectively.
- Americanization: Efforts to assimilate immigrants into American culture through education and civic rituals.
Race & Civil Rights
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Supreme Court case upholding racial segregation ("separate but equal").
- Jim Crow Laws: State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.
- WEB Du Bois vs. Booker T. Washington: Different approaches to racial equality—Du Bois advocated for immediate civil rights and higher education, while Washington promoted vocational training and economic self-sufficiency.
- Ida B. Wells: Journalist and activist fighting against lynching.
Politics & Corruption
- Political Machines & Boss Tweed: Organizations controlling local governments through patronage and corruption.
- Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883): Ended the spoils system, requiring government jobs based on merit.
- Populist Party & William Jennings Bryan: Political movement representing farmers and laborers, advocating for free silver and economic reform.
Agriculture & the West
- Homestead Act (1862): Encouraged western migration by granting settlers 160 acres of land for free if improved in five years.
- Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868): Established reservations for Native Americans but often violated.
- Modoc Wars, Little Big Horn, Wounded Knee: Conflicts between Native Americans and U.S. military, symbolizing resistance/defeat.
- Dawes Act (1887): Attempted to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into private plots.
- A Century of Dishonor (1881): Helen Hunt Jackson's book criticizing U.S. treatment of Native Americans.
- Chief Joseph, Geronimo, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull: Prominent Native American leaders who resisted U.S. expansion.
Homestead Act
- Gave settlers 160 acres of land.
- Encouraged western migration.
- Required improvement of the land.
Other Important Points
- Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis: Argued the American frontier shaped the nation's character.
- Grange Movement: Farmers' organization seeking economic and political reforms.
- Railroad Issues & Farmers: Farmers suffered from high railroad fees, leading to calls for regulation.
- Barbed Wire: Revolutionized farming, allowing settlers to fence in land and protect crops from cattle.
- Demise of Bison: Buffalo were hunted nearly to extinction, devastating Native American cultures.
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Description
Explore the transformative period of the transcontinental railroad and its impact on American industry and society. This quiz covers key figures, legislation, and concepts such as vertical and horizontal integration that defined the era of industrialism in the United States.
