Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these was not a successful invention of the era?
Which of these was not a successful invention of the era?
What was the major advantage of Westinghouse’s ‘alternating current’ power invention?
What was the major advantage of Westinghouse’s ‘alternating current’ power invention?
How did the burst of new inventions during this era fuel the process of urbanization?
How did the burst of new inventions during this era fuel the process of urbanization?
Which of the following ‘robber barons’ was notable for the exploitative way he made his fortune in railroads?
Which of the following ‘robber barons’ was notable for the exploitative way he made his fortune in railroads?
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Which of the following does not represent one of the management strategies that John D. Rockefeller used in building his empire?
Which of the following does not represent one of the management strategies that John D. Rockefeller used in building his empire?
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Why was Rockefeller’s use of horizontal integration such an effective business tool at this time?
Why was Rockefeller’s use of horizontal integration such an effective business tool at this time?
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What differentiated a 'robber baron' from other 'captains of industry' in late nineteenth-century America?
What differentiated a 'robber baron' from other 'captains of industry' in late nineteenth-century America?
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Which strategy was NOT used by Rockefeller in his business practices?
Which strategy was NOT used by Rockefeller in his business practices?
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Mark Twain’s Gilded Age is a reference to what aspect of American history?
Mark Twain’s Gilded Age is a reference to what aspect of American history?
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What influence did the Great Compromise of 1877 have on the election?
What influence did the Great Compromise of 1877 have on the election?
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What was a significant factor for the relative weakness of the federal government during this era?
What was a significant factor for the relative weakness of the federal government during this era?
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A Mugwump is defined as which of the following?
A Mugwump is defined as which of the following?
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Which president made significant strides towards civil service reform?
Which president made significant strides towards civil service reform?
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How were U.S. presidents typically viewed regarding the spoils system of patronage during the late nineteenth century?
How were U.S. presidents typically viewed regarding the spoils system of patronage during the late nineteenth century?
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Which option was not a vehicle for farmers' protest?
Which option was not a vehicle for farmers' protest?
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What directly contributed to the plight of farmers during this era?
What directly contributed to the plight of farmers during this era?
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What was a strategy employed by the Niagara Movement?
What was a strategy employed by the Niagara Movement?
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How did Roosevelt intervene in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902?
How did Roosevelt intervene in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902?
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Which item was passed by Taft as part of Progressive legislation?
Which item was passed by Taft as part of Progressive legislation?
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Which of the following is not an example of social justice Progressivism?
Which of the following is not an example of social justice Progressivism?
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Which feature was not part of Booker T. Washington’s strategy to improve African American lives?
Which feature was not part of Booker T. Washington’s strategy to improve African American lives?
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The 'Silent Sentinels' were known for which type of action?
The 'Silent Sentinels' were known for which type of action?
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What was one of the key goals for which striking workers fought in the late nineteenth century?
What was one of the key goals for which striking workers fought in the late nineteenth century?
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Which of the following was not a key goal of the Knights of Labor?
Which of the following was not a key goal of the Knights of Labor?
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How did the American Federation of Labor differ from the Knights of Labor?
How did the American Federation of Labor differ from the Knights of Labor?
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Which factor did not contribute to the growth of a consumer culture in the United States at the close of the nineteenth century?
Which factor did not contribute to the growth of a consumer culture in the United States at the close of the nineteenth century?
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What was Roland Marchand's argument in the Parable of the Democracy of Goods?
What was Roland Marchand's argument in the Parable of the Democracy of Goods?
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Which element was not essential for creating massive urban growth in late nineteenth-century America?
Which element was not essential for creating massive urban growth in late nineteenth-century America?
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What service did the settlement house movement provide for working-class women?
What service did the settlement house movement provide for working-class women?
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What technological factor did not lead to the explosive growth of American cities?
What technological factor did not lead to the explosive growth of American cities?
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Why did African Americans consider moving from the rural South to the urban North after the Civil War?
Why did African Americans consider moving from the rural South to the urban North after the Civil War?
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What made southern and eastern European immigrants different from earlier western and northern European immigrants?
What made southern and eastern European immigrants different from earlier western and northern European immigrants?
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What aspect of machine politics posed a disadvantage for urban citizens?
What aspect of machine politics posed a disadvantage for urban citizens?
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How did education impact the emergence of the middle class in late nineteenth-century America?
How did education impact the emergence of the middle class in late nineteenth-century America?
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Which statement accurately represents Thorstein Veblen's argument in The Theory of the Leisure Class?
Which statement accurately represents Thorstein Veblen's argument in The Theory of the Leisure Class?
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Which of the following concepts was not associated with realism?
Which of the following concepts was not associated with realism?
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What was the primary reason some countries were opposed to American influence in their affairs?
What was the primary reason some countries were opposed to American influence in their affairs?
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Which two countries had negotiations that the Lodge Corollary disallowed?
Which two countries had negotiations that the Lodge Corollary disallowed?
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What issue did Taft's Dollar Diplomacy create in Latin America?
What issue did Taft's Dollar Diplomacy create in Latin America?
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Who did Wilson appoint as Secretary of State to promote moral diplomacy?
Who did Wilson appoint as Secretary of State to promote moral diplomacy?
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Why was the German unterseeboot controversial?
Why was the German unterseeboot controversial?
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Which act was not aimed at securing resources for the war effort?
Which act was not aimed at securing resources for the war effort?
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What contributed to the short-lived success of prohibition?
What contributed to the short-lived success of prohibition?
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What was Article X in the Treaty of Versailles primarily about?
What was Article X in the Treaty of Versailles primarily about?
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Which factor did not facilitate the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment?
Which factor did not facilitate the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment?
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What was a key factor in Wilson’s struggles to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
What was a key factor in Wilson’s struggles to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
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How did the U.S. government try to maintain support for the war effort?
How did the U.S. government try to maintain support for the war effort?
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Which reason explains why the war did not lead to prosperity?
Which reason explains why the war did not lead to prosperity?
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What was a reason for opposition to the League of Nations?
What was a reason for opposition to the League of Nations?
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What was the purpose of the National Civil Liberties Bureau during the war?
What was the purpose of the National Civil Liberties Bureau during the war?
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What was the primary focus of Roosevelt's 'New Nationalism'?
What was the primary focus of Roosevelt's 'New Nationalism'?
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What significant reform was part of Wilson's 'New Freedom' agenda in its first phase?
What significant reform was part of Wilson's 'New Freedom' agenda in its first phase?
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Which factor did NOT contribute to the United States' limited interest in overseas expansion during the 1860s and 1870s?
Which factor did NOT contribute to the United States' limited interest in overseas expansion during the 1860s and 1870s?
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Which of the following did Mahan believe was NOT necessary for building an American empire?
Which of the following did Mahan believe was NOT necessary for building an American empire?
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What was the strategic importance of the Midway Islands for American expansion?
What was the strategic importance of the Midway Islands for American expansion?
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Which concern was NOT raised by the Anti-Imperialist League regarding the creation of an American empire?
Which concern was NOT raised by the Anti-Imperialist League regarding the creation of an American empire?
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What was the primary role of the Taft Commission?
What was the primary role of the Taft Commission?
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What was a major challenge faced by the U.S. military during the Spanish-American War?
What was a major challenge faced by the U.S. military during the Spanish-American War?
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How did Hay’s open door policy benefit the United States in China?
How did Hay’s open door policy benefit the United States in China?
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In what way did the Boxer Rebellion strengthen American ties with China?
In what way did the Boxer Rebellion strengthen American ties with China?
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What tactic did the 'Open Door Notes' symbolize for expanding American influence?
What tactic did the 'Open Door Notes' symbolize for expanding American influence?
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What was Colombia's primary reaction to the U.S. proposal for a canal?
What was Colombia's primary reaction to the U.S. proposal for a canal?
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What was the aim of the Roosevelt Corollary?
What was the aim of the Roosevelt Corollary?
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Why did Roosevelt employ different foreign policy methods in Latin America compared to Asia?
Why did Roosevelt employ different foreign policy methods in Latin America compared to Asia?
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Which of the following was not a factor contributing to instability after the war?
Which of the following was not a factor contributing to instability after the war?
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What was the main event that triggered the Chicago Race Riot of 1919?
What was the main event that triggered the Chicago Race Riot of 1919?
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What primarily contributed to Warren Harding's victory in the 1920 presidential election?
What primarily contributed to Warren Harding's victory in the 1920 presidential election?
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Which film released in 1927 was recognized as the first successful talking motion picture?
Which film released in 1927 was recognized as the first successful talking motion picture?
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What innovation significantly impacted the automobile industry?
What innovation significantly impacted the automobile industry?
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What principle did the Scopes Monkey Trial focus on regarding education?
What principle did the Scopes Monkey Trial focus on regarding education?
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Which psychologist's theories influenced the emerging social attitudes of the 1920s?
Which psychologist's theories influenced the emerging social attitudes of the 1920s?
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Which man achieved fame both as a baseball player and as a preacher in the 1920s?
Which man achieved fame both as a baseball player and as a preacher in the 1920s?
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What did the Second Ku Klux Klan primarily advocate for during the 1920s?
What did the Second Ku Klux Klan primarily advocate for during the 1920s?
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Which of the following writers was a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance?
Which of the following writers was a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance?
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What was the economic situation for most Americans just before Herbert Hoover took office?
What was the economic situation for most Americans just before Herbert Hoover took office?
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What was one reason for the failure of the Prohibition amendment after it was adopted?
What was one reason for the failure of the Prohibition amendment after it was adopted?
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What leadership role was Albert Fall convicted of bribery while holding?
What leadership role was Albert Fall convicted of bribery while holding?
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How is Calvin Coolidge's presidency most accurately described?
How is Calvin Coolidge's presidency most accurately described?
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What was Truman's program of economic and social reform called?
What was Truman's program of economic and social reform called?
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Which component of Truman’s domestic agenda was rejected by Congress?
Which component of Truman’s domestic agenda was rejected by Congress?
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What was a major limitation of the GI Bill for veterans?
What was a major limitation of the GI Bill for veterans?
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What was the U.S. policy aimed at limiting Soviet influence abroad?
What was the U.S. policy aimed at limiting Soviet influence abroad?
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What program did the Truman administration implement to aid in European recovery after WWII?
What program did the Truman administration implement to aid in European recovery after WWII?
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What principle did Hoover advocate for regarding personal responsibility?
What principle did Hoover advocate for regarding personal responsibility?
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What was one result of the armistice talks in Korea?
What was one result of the armistice talks in Korea?
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Which protest had the greatest impact on the negative public perception of Hoover's presidency?
Which protest had the greatest impact on the negative public perception of Hoover's presidency?
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Which group did not provide direct relief to those in need during the Great Depression?
Which group did not provide direct relief to those in need during the Great Depression?
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What was the name of the first manmade satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957?
What was the name of the first manmade satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957?
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Where was the first Levittown built?
Where was the first Levittown built?
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What type of assistance included projects like building the Hoover Dam?
What type of assistance included projects like building the Hoover Dam?
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What was a significant hardship African Americans faced during the Great Depression?
What was a significant hardship African Americans faced during the Great Depression?
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How did suburbanization contribute to economic growth?
How did suburbanization contribute to economic growth?
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Which factor did not contribute to the conditions leading to the Dust Bowl?
Which factor did not contribute to the conditions leading to the Dust Bowl?
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Who was the disc jockey that played a key role in popularizing rock and roll?
Who was the disc jockey that played a key role in popularizing rock and roll?
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What did popular movies during the Great Depression represent about American values?
What did popular movies during the Great Depression represent about American values?
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What challenge did Hollywood face during the 1950s?
What challenge did Hollywood face during the 1950s?
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How is Hoover's presidency most accurately assessed?
How is Hoover's presidency most accurately assessed?
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What economic impact did suburbanization have on the automobile industry?
What economic impact did suburbanization have on the automobile industry?
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What phrase best captures Hoover's foreign policy approach?
What phrase best captures Hoover's foreign policy approach?
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What was one consequence of the Hollywood Blacklist during the Cold War?
What was one consequence of the Hollywood Blacklist during the Cold War?
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What significant action did Roosevelt take before his inauguration concerning Hoover's policies?
What significant action did Roosevelt take before his inauguration concerning Hoover's policies?
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Which policy was not part of Roosevelt's early New Deal ideas?
Which policy was not part of Roosevelt's early New Deal ideas?
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What was a primary challenge that Hollywood faced in the 1960s regarding audience engagement?
What was a primary challenge that Hollywood faced in the 1960s regarding audience engagement?
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What was the main purpose of Roosevelt's 'Brains Trust'?
What was the main purpose of Roosevelt's 'Brains Trust'?
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What was the outcome of Shelley v. Kraemer in 1948?
What was the outcome of Shelley v. Kraemer in 1948?
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Which action was not part of the NIRA's initiatives?
Which action was not part of the NIRA's initiatives?
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What major challenge did the National Recovery Administration (NRA) face?
What major challenge did the National Recovery Administration (NRA) face?
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What type of assistance did the CWA provide?
What type of assistance did the CWA provide?
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Which statement accurately describes Mary McLeod Bethune?
Which statement accurately describes Mary McLeod Bethune?
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What term did Kennedy use to describe his action of sealing off Cuba during the Cold War?
What term did Kennedy use to describe his action of sealing off Cuba during the Cold War?
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Which plan influenced the ideas behind the Social Security Act?
Which plan influenced the ideas behind the Social Security Act?
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How did the Johnson administration's policies impact voting rights for African Americans?
How did the Johnson administration's policies impact voting rights for African Americans?
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Which program was specifically designed to provide healthcare for low-income individuals during Johnson's administration?
Which program was specifically designed to provide healthcare for low-income individuals during Johnson's administration?
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Who led the noninterventionists in Congress during the 1930s?
Who led the noninterventionists in Congress during the 1930s?
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The protest tactic adopted by students during the Greensboro sit-ins was aimed at opposing what?
The protest tactic adopted by students during the Greensboro sit-ins was aimed at opposing what?
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What was one of Franklin Roosevelt’s limitations in helping German Jews in the 1930s?
What was one of Franklin Roosevelt’s limitations in helping German Jews in the 1930s?
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What agreement did unionized workers make during World War II?
What agreement did unionized workers make during World War II?
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What was a significant factor that contributed to changes in Hollywood during the 1960s?
What was a significant factor that contributed to changes in Hollywood during the 1960s?
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Which program was designed to recruit Mexican agricultural workers during World War II?
Which program was designed to recruit Mexican agricultural workers during World War II?
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Which event led many Americans to doubt the success of the Vietnam War?
Which event led many Americans to doubt the success of the Vietnam War?
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What was the primary goal of Kennedy's Peace Corps?
What was the primary goal of Kennedy's Peace Corps?
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How did women contribute to the war effort during World War II?
How did women contribute to the war effort during World War II?
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Which piece of legislation aimed to eliminate discrimination in public accommodations and workplaces?
Which piece of legislation aimed to eliminate discrimination in public accommodations and workplaces?
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What demand did the Soviet Union make of Britain and the United States?
What demand did the Soviet Union make of Britain and the United States?
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Which group specialized in advocating violence and promoted a Marxist ideology during the civil rights movement?
Which group specialized in advocating violence and promoted a Marxist ideology during the civil rights movement?
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What did Roosevelt aim to achieve with his demand for unconditional surrender from Germany and Japan?
What did Roosevelt aim to achieve with his demand for unconditional surrender from Germany and Japan?
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What was the primary focus of the Economic Opportunity Act initiated by Johnson?
What was the primary focus of the Economic Opportunity Act initiated by Johnson?
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What was the first phase of the Holocaust?
What was the first phase of the Holocaust?
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Which island was critical for providing a staging area for U.S. bombing raids against Japan?
Which island was critical for providing a staging area for U.S. bombing raids against Japan?
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What event intensified the U.S. response during the Cold War regarding conflicts in Cuba?
What event intensified the U.S. response during the Cold War regarding conflicts in Cuba?
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What was the main purpose of the Allied strategy of island hopping?
What was the main purpose of the Allied strategy of island hopping?
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Which amendment did Kennedy propose that specifically aimed to outlaw poll taxes?
Which amendment did Kennedy propose that specifically aimed to outlaw poll taxes?
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Why might Truman have decided to drop a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki?
Why might Truman have decided to drop a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki?
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What key aspect of Ronald Reagan’s economic reform plan involved reducing government regulations on businesses?
What key aspect of Ronald Reagan’s economic reform plan involved reducing government regulations on businesses?
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Which statement best characterizes Phyllis Schlafly's arguments against the Equal Rights Amendment?
Which statement best characterizes Phyllis Schlafly's arguments against the Equal Rights Amendment?
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What was one of the foundational values of the Moral Majority?
What was one of the foundational values of the Moral Majority?
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Which group did the Reagan administration support in its conflict against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua?
Which group did the Reagan administration support in its conflict against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua?
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Which country did Iraq invade, triggering the crisis that led to the Persian Gulf War?
Which country did Iraq invade, triggering the crisis that led to the Persian Gulf War?
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What was a central issue of the Iran-Contra Affair?
What was a central issue of the Iran-Contra Affair?
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What treaty did Bill Clinton help create to enhance trade relations between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico?
What treaty did Bill Clinton help create to enhance trade relations between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico?
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In the 2000 election, which state was pivotal where the Supreme Court halted a recount of votes?
In the 2000 election, which state was pivotal where the Supreme Court halted a recount of votes?
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Which was a foreign policy achievement of the Clinton administration?
Which was a foreign policy achievement of the Clinton administration?
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What was a primary value opposed by the Moral Majority?
What was a primary value opposed by the Moral Majority?
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What major student organization was involved in organizing protests against the Vietnam War?
What major student organization was involved in organizing protests against the Vietnam War?
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Which of the following was not a founding goal of NOW?
Which of the following was not a founding goal of NOW?
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Who was one of the original founders of AIM?
Who was one of the original founders of AIM?
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What did the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade establish?
What did the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade establish?
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Which values did hippies predominantly adopt?
Which values did hippies predominantly adopt?
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What bold diplomatic step did President Nixon take in early 1972?
What bold diplomatic step did President Nixon take in early 1972?
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What characterized the blue-collar workers Nixon referred to as 'the silent majority'?
What characterized the blue-collar workers Nixon referred to as 'the silent majority'?
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What event did the demonstrations at Kent State University in May 1970 protest?
What event did the demonstrations at Kent State University in May 1970 protest?
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In 1971, what action did Nixon take in response to public opinion about the war?
In 1971, what action did Nixon take in response to public opinion about the war?
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What agreement did Gerald Ford sign to end territorial issues from World War II?
What agreement did Gerald Ford sign to end territorial issues from World War II?
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Which figure was not indicted following the Watergate scandal?
Which figure was not indicted following the Watergate scandal?
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What unethical activities did the White House plumbers engage in?
What unethical activities did the White House plumbers engage in?
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What did Jimmy Carter promise during the 1976 election campaign?
What did Jimmy Carter promise during the 1976 election campaign?
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What was Carter's aim in deregulating several major U.S. industries?
What was Carter's aim in deregulating several major U.S. industries?
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Study Notes
Unsuccessful Invention
- Typewriters were not a successful invention during that era.
Westinghouse's Alternating Current
- Westinghouse's alternating current (AC) power had a major advantage: it allowed machines to be further from the power source.
Urbanization and Inventions
- Inventions like elevators and streetcars facilitated easier city movement, enabling taller buildings and access to outer areas.
- Electricity improved city safety and productivity by allowing night-time operations.
- Telegraphs and telephones enhanced business communication, fueling trade and growth.
- New construction methods and materials sped up and reduced the cost of building, accommodating the growing population.
Exploitative Railroad Baron
- Jay Gould was known for an exploitative approach in making his fortune from railroads.
Rockefeller's Management Strategies
- Rockefeller's strategies included horizontal and vertical integration, and the holding company model.
- Social Darwinism was a philosophy he used, not a management strategy.
Horizontal Integration Effectiveness
- Rockefeller's horizontal integration aimed to buy out or eliminate competitors.
- Take-over the market, cut costs, charge high prices
- This isn't illegal until rules were made.
Robber Baron vs. Captain of Industry
- Robber barons prioritized profit over people and often harmed workers and the public.
- Captains of industry implemented innovative business methods, sometimes helping others, and changing the 19th-century US.
Striking Workers' Goals
- Striking workers fought for an eight-hour workday.
Knights of Labor's Goals
- The Knights of Labor sought to end convict labor and establish cooperative enterprises.
- They did not advocate a graduated income tax or equal gender pay.
Knights of Labor vs. American Federation of Labor (AFL)
- Knights of Labor aimed to help all workers, skilled and unskilled, men and women.
- AFL focused on skilled workers with goals for better pay, shorter hours, and safer jobs.
Consumer Culture Growth
- Increased disposable income, advertising, personal credit, and mail-order catalogs fueled consumer culture.
Marchand's Argument
- Roland Marchand argued that advertising linked fine possessions with happiness and success.
- This created a sense of belonging among the "good life," regardless of rising wealth..
Essential Elements of Urban Growth
- Electric lighting, communication improvements, skyscrapers, and settlement houses were crucial to rapid urban growth in late 19th-century America.
Relief for Working-Class Women
- Settlement houses offered childcare as a form of relief for working-class women.
- They also provided some job opportunities and advocacy.
Factors Leading to City Growth
- Easy transportation by trains, the convenience of electricity at night, taller cities due to elevators and skyscrapers, job opportunities in factories, and immigration all contributed to rapid city growth.
African American Migration
- African Americans moved from the rural South to the urban North seeking wage-earning jobs after the Civil War.
European Immigrant Differences
- Southern and Eastern European immigrants were typically less skilled and wealthier than their Western and Northern European predecessors.
- Their first destination was often Ellis Island.
Immigrant Discrimination
- Immigrants were discriminated against due to their different languages, religions, and lifestyles, and were also seen as competing for lower-paying jobs, fostering societal prejudice and barriers to advancement.
Popular Working-Class Pastimes
- Amusement parks were a popular pastime for working-class urban dwellers.
Disadvantages of Machine Politics
- Machine politics resulted in higher city taxes due to graft, limited immigrant voices, potential safety risks for citizens voicing complaints, and unequal access to timely services.
Education and the Middle Class
- Education played a role in the rise of the middle class by providing skills essential to the needs of a growing economy.
Veblen's Argument
- Thorstein Veblen argued in The Theory of the Leisure Class that the middle class focused too much on consumption and comfort.
Elements of Realism
- Instrumentalism, Naturalism, and Pragmatism were elements of realism.
- Social Darwinism was not an element of realism.
Realistic Art and Literature
- Artists and writers depicted the realities of poverty, hard work, and urban struggles as responses to industrialization and city growth.
Gilded Age Reference
- Mark Twain's "The Gilded Age" referred to the corrupt politics of the post-Civil War era.
Great Compromise of 1877
- The Great Compromise of 1877 influenced the election by giving southern states the support they needed to endorse Hayes.
Weakness of the Federal Government
- A hands-off approach, corruption in politics, state dominance, weak presidents, and a focus on economic growth over social issues contributed to the relative weakness of the federal government in this era.
Mugwump Definition
- A Mugwump was a moderate liberal Republican.
Civil Service Reform
- Chester A. Arthur took significant steps towards civil service reform.
Farmers' Protest Vehicles
- The Grange, Farmers' Alliance, and the People's Party were vehicles for farmers' protests.
- Mugwumps were not a vehicle for farmer's protest.
Farmers' Plight
- Overproduction, inadequate supply, and poor farming techniques contributed to the plight of farmers.
Women's Roles in the Farmers' Alliance
- Specific information about women's roles in the Farmers' Alliance is not provided.
Coxey's Army Reception
- Coxey's Army was largely ignored when they arrived in Washington.
Bryan's Populist Appeal
- Bryan's appeal to Populists included his farm background, support for "free silver," and support for the subtreasury system.
- He did not support higher tariffs.
Ida Tarbell's Focus
- Ida Tarbell wrote about the unethical business practices of Standard Oil.
Progressive Era Focus
- Progressives focused on democracy, business regulation, and social justice.
- Concerns about land reform had a role in the progressive movement.
Muckrakers' Role
- Muckrakers' investigative journalism exposed problems like corruption and unsafe working conditions, igniting reform movements.
Direct Primary Replacement
- The direct primary replaced candidate selection by convention delegates.
Social Justice Progressivism
- Social justice Progressivism focused on issues like anti-liquor campaigns, improving education, and workplace safety initiatives.
Booker T. Washington's Strategy
- Booker T. Washington's strategy emphasized self-help and accommodated white racism.
- He did not advocate for immediate protests for equal rights.
Silent Sentinels
- The Silent Sentinels were suffragists who protested outside the White House.
Niagara Movement
- The Niagara Movement advocated for immediate civil rights and full political participation for African Americans, which differentiated itself from Booker T. Washington's approach.
Roosevelt in the Anthracite Coal Strike
- Roosevelt intervened in the Anthracite Coal Strike by facilitating negotiations between the owners and strikers.
Taft's Progressive Policies
- The Payne-Aldrich Act was not a key progressive item passed during Taft's presidency.
- The Mann-Elkins Act, the U.S. Forestry Service, and the Pure Food and Drug Act were some of his key achievements.
Underwood Tariff Act
- The Underwood Tariff Act reduced tariffs by 15 percent and eliminated tariffs for steel and iron ore.
- The establishment of a federal banking system was not part of this act.
Roosevelt vs. Wilson
- Roosevelt's New Nationalism favored stronger government intervention for regulation, social welfare, and fair competition.
- Wilson's New Freedom preferred limited government to break up monopolies and increase competition.
Wilson's New Freedom Phases
- The first phase (1913) focused on controlling big business and improving banking (Underwood Tariff, Federal Reserve Act.)
- The second phase (1916) aimed to expand social welfare policies in response to public pressure.
Limited US Interest in Overseas Expansion (1860s-1870s)
- Post-Civil War Reconstruction and a focus on domestic development played a role in minimal US interest in overseas expansion.
Mahan's Beliefs on Empire Building
- Mahan believed a powerful navy, overseas bases, and a Central American canal were essential for building an American empire.
- Reopening the American frontier was not something he believed in.
Anti-Imperial League's Opposition
- The Anti-Imperial League opposed American empire building due to concerns about foreign worker competition, racial integration issues, and potential violation of American democratic principles.
Taft Commission's Role
- The Taft Commission aimed to improve Filipino lives through public health, education, and infrastructure improvements following the Spanish-American War.
Challenges of the Spanish-American War
- Challenges include inadequate training, outdated equipment, and logistical struggles, but victory came despite such challenges due to Naval supremacy and effective leadership.
Hay's Open Door Policy
- Hay's Open Door note promoted equal access to trade with China for all foreign powers but did not give the US a complete monopoly on taxes or ports.
Colombia's Reaction to Canal Proposal
- Colombia rejected the US proposal for a canal at a less advantageous location.
Roosevelt Corollary
- Roosevelt aimed to establish US right to intervene in Latin America regarding European interference.
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy Objections
- Some Central American countries felt that Taft's Dollar Diplomacy gave the US excessive leverage to control their affairs.
Lodge Corollary
- The information regarding Lodge Corollary does not mention explicitly two countries involved in a negotiation that this corollary disallowed.
Taft's Foreign Policy Problems
- Taft's Dollar Diplomacy led to resentment in Latin America due to financial control efforts, creating tension with other countries like Japan.
Wilson's Secretary of State
- Wilson selected William Jennings Bryan as Secretary of State to pursue foreign policy based on moral principles.
German Submarine Warfare
- German submarine (unterseeboot) warfare violated international law by not warning targets before firing.
Wilson's Foreign Policy Consistency
- Wilson’s foreign policy philosophy was based on moral diplomacy, but his actions (like intervention in Mexico) were sometimes inconsistent with this idealism..
Post-War Destabilizing Factors
- Factors like a flu pandemic, economic uncertainty, high inflation, and political paranoia all played a role in destabilizing the post-war era.
Chicago Race Riot Cause
- The murder of an African American boy who swam near a White beach triggered the 1919 Chicago Race Riot.
Harding's Election Victory
- Harding's election victory reflected the desire for normalcy and stability after the disruption of World War I.
First Successful Talking Motion Picture
- The Jazz Singer was the first successful talking motion picture in 1927.
Technological Advancement Impact
- Radio popularized communication and sports.
First Transatlantic Solo Flight
- Charles Lindbergh was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic.
Ford's Impact on the Automobile Industry
- Ford revolutionized the automotive industry with the assembly line, making cars more affordable and accessible. He also improved workers' wages and hours.
Scopes Monkey Trial Focus
- The Scopes Monkey Trial centered on a law banning the teaching of Darwinism in public schools.
Professional Baseball Player and Evangelist
- Billy Sunday was both a major professional baseball player and a powerful evangelical during the 1920s.
Second Ku Klux Klan
- The Second Ku Klux Klan advocated white supremacy and sought to maintain white Protestant dominance through rallies, political action, and intimidation tactics.
Popular Psychologist's Ideas
- Sigmund Freud's ideas influenced the new morality of the 1920s.
Alice Paul's Goal
- Alice Paul advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment to end gender discrimination.
Satirizing Middle-Class Conformity
- Sinclair Lewis's "Babbitt" satirized the conformity of the American middle class.
Prohibition's Failure and the Harlem Renaissance
- Prohibition's failure stemmed from high levels of illegal drinking and ineffective enforcement.
- The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement celebrating Black culture in the 1920s.
Republican Presidential Nominee (1920)
- Warren Harding was the Republican presidential nominee in 1920.
Albert Fall's Position During Bribery
- Albert Fall was the Secretary of the Interior when convicted of bribery.
Coolidge's Presidency Characterization
- Coolidge's presidency was described as silent and inactive.
Average American Economic Outlook in 1929
- The economic outlook in 1929 was generally positive, but this was just before the stock market crash and the ensuing Great Depression.
Causes of the Stock Market Crash
- Risky investments and borrowing money to invest in the stock market were key causes.
"Deserving Poor"
- Stock speculators were not considered "the deserving poor".
Hoover's Early Plans and the Preceding Era
- Hoover's initial approach was based on rugged individualism and voluntary cooperation, reflecting the emphasis on minimal government intervention prevalent during the preceding 1920s.
Hoover's Public Perception in the Great Depression
- The negative public perception of Hoover's presidency was significantly impacted by the Bonus Expeditionary Force protests, and the widespread emergence of shantytowns known as Hoovervilles.
Direct Relief Providers
- Churches, synagogues, wealthy individuals, as well as local police and schoolteachers, were sources of direct aid during the Great Depression.
- The federal government also provided some direct relief.
Hoover's Relief Attempts
- Hoover attempted to address the Great Depression by initiating public works projects, offering loans to businesses, and providing assistance to farmers, though the effectiveness of these measures was limited.
African American Hardship During the Depression
- African Americans faced disproportionately harsh impacts during the Depression, including lower wages for farmers in the South, job discrimination from White workers, and race riots.
Dust Bowl Causes
- Factors like prior overuse of farmland and poor farming techniques, and adverse weather conditions were primary causes of the Dust Bowl.
- Decreased demand for farm products was not a key factor.
Depression Era Movie Values
- Depression era movies highlighted values of hope, resilience, and entertainment amidst adversity.
Hoover Presidency Assessment
- Hoover's presidency is best characterized by his inadequate response to the Great Depression, though he did not cause the stock market crash.
Hoover's Foreign Policy
- Hoover's foreign policy philosophy was generally considered isolationist.
Roosevelt's Pre-Inauguration Activities
- Roosevelt spoke publicly about direct federal relief before inauguration.
New Deal's Early Policies
- Roosevelt's early New Deal plans included public works, government economic regulation, aid to farmers.
- Elimination of the gold standard was a later New Deal policy consideration.
Roosevelt's Brains Trust
- The Brains Trust was a group of advisors which helped Roosevelt develop and implement the ideas for fixing the Great Depression's problems.
National Recovery Administration (NRA) Policies
- The NRA promoted price agreements and re-investment of profits by industries, as well as worker rights to form unions.
- Setting production levels was another goal.
Civilian Works Administration (CWA)
- The CWA provided employment support, not direct relief, farm refinancing, or bank reform.
New Deal Relief and Job Creation
- FDR's New Deal programs provided direct relief to those in need through programs like FERA and created job opportunities via programs like the WPA and CCC.
NRA Strengths and Weaknesses
- The NRA aimed to protect workers by setting fair wages, hours, and recognizing unionization rights, but faced unclear enforcement and legal challenges, hindering its success.
Mary McLeod Bethune
- Mary McLeod Bethune played a significant role in the NYA.
Social Security Act Inspiration
- The Social Security Act drew some inspiration from the Townsend Plan.
Non-interventionists in Congress
- Gerald P. Nye was a key figure who campaigned for US neutrality legislation leading up to WWII.
Roosevelt's Efforts for German Jews
- Roosevelt attempted to help German Jewish refugees but faced limitations due to existing immigration quotas and reluctance to challenge public sentiment against increased immigration.
WWII Union Worker Agreement
- During World War II, unionized workers agreed to maintain industrial output without strikes to support war production.
Mexican Agricultural Worker Program
- The Bracero program was the program used to recruit Mexican agricultural workers for the American farm industry during WWII.
Women's Wartime Contributions
- Women worked in factories, shipyards, and military support roles and volunteered in organizations like the Red Cross to contribute to the war effort.
Soviet Union's Demands
- The Soviet Union demanded an invasion of Western Europe to divert German forces away from the Eastern Front.
Roosevelt's Demand for Unconditional Surrender
- Roosevelt's demand was for unconditional surrender from Germany and Japan to ensure the complete defeat of the Axis powers without any negotiating terms.
Holocaust Phases
- The Holocaust unfolded in four phases; early persecution (1933-1939), ghettos and deportations (1939-1941), mass murder (1941-1945), and the end of the war (1945).
Island Capture for Bombing Raids
- Iwo Jima was an island essential for providing a staging area for air raids against Japan.
Island Hopping Strategy
- Island hopping aimed to seize strategically important islands while bypassing others, enabling the Allies to cut off Japanese supply lines, weakening Japan and hastening the end of the war.
Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision Rationale
- Truman's decision to drop the second atomic bomb stemmed from several considerations, including a desire to expedite Japan’s surrender, showcase US power, uncertainty about Hiroshima’s impact, and considerations of Nagasaki as both an important industrial and military target.
Truman's Reform Program
- Truman's reform program was known as the Fair Deal.
Rejected Domestic Agenda Item
- National healthcare was a part of Truman's domestic agenda that was rejected by Congress.
GI Bill's Benefits and Limitations
- The GI Bill provided education, home loans, and employment support, greatly assisting veterans in their transition to civilian life, but faced limitations, particularly in terms of discrimination against African American veterans.
US Foreign Policy Goal (Cold War)
- The policy to prevent the expansion of Soviet influence abroad is called containment.
Truman Administration's European Aid Program
- The Marshall Plan was a program that the Truman administration used to help Europe recover from the devastation caused during World War II.
Korean Armistice Agreement
- The Korean armistice established a ceasefire, a DMZ, and the exchange of prisoners of war. Unfortunately, no formal peace treaty was signed.
First Artificial Satellite
- Sputnik was the first manmade satellite.
First Levittown Location
- Levittown, New York was the location of the first Levittown.
Suburbanization's Economic Impact
- The growth of suburbs led to a boom in the housing market, increased consumer spending, and growth in industries like automobiles and retail.
Popularizing Rock and Roll
- Alan Freed popularized rock and roll.
Hollywood Challenges in the 1950s
- The rise of television, the Hollywood Blacklist, competition from foreign films, and declining audiences contributed to Hollywood's challenges in the 1950s.
NAACP Lawyer
- Thurgood Marshall was the NAACP lawyer known as "Mr. Civil Rights."
Arkansas School Integration Opposition
- Orval Faubus was the Arkansas governor who opposed the integration of Little Rock High School.
Shelley v. Kraemer Significance
- Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) invalidated racially restrictive covenants, removing legal support for discriminatory housing practices.
Kennedy's Cuban Policy
- Kennedy implemented a quarantine of Cuba to prevent Soviet arms shipments.
Kennedy's Constitutional Amendment Proposal
- Kennedy proposed a constitutional amendment for broader healthcare coverage.
Kennedy's Anti-Communism Actions
- Kennedy implemented flexible response policies, authorized a failed Bay of Pigs invasion, responded to the Cuban Missile Crisis, supported anti-communist regimes, and established the Peace Corps to counter communism.
Johnson's Healthcare Program
- Medicaid was Johnson's program for federal funding of healthcare for the poor.
Loss of Confidence in the Vietnam War
- U.S. military setbacks at the Tet Offensive were critical in diminishing public confidence in a war victory by the American forces.
Johnson Administration's Improvements for African Americans
- The Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Economic Opportunity Act, and other Great Society programs helped combat racial inequality and provide better living standards.
Greensboro Sit-ins
- The Greensboro sit-ins demonstrated a new tactic against segregation.
Black Power Advocates
- The Black Panthers were a group that advocated for violence, at times.
Crusade for Justice Founder
- Rodolfo Gonzales founded the Crusade for Justice.
Black Power vs. Mainstream Civil Rights
- Black Power advocates emphasized racial pride, self-sufficiency, and sometimes self-defense, while mainstream civil rights activists like Martin Luther King Jr. focused on integration and nonviolence.
Vietnam War Protest Student Organization
- Students for a Democratic Society was a key student organization opposing the Vietnam War.
NOW Founding Goals
- NOW fought for women's rights to achieve equal rights to men, ensure passage of the ERA, decriminalize birth control, and enable women to fully participate in society.
Birth Control Pill and Liberation
- The birth control pill freed women by enabling greater personal control over their reproductive lives, improving reproductive health, and empowering their decisions in family life.
AIM Founder
- Dennis Banks was one of the original founders of the American Indian Movement (AIM).
Roe v. Wade Decision
- Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized abortions during the first three months of pregnancy based on the idea of women's autonomy and constitutional rights.
Hippie Values
- Hippies championed peace, love, harmony, and individual liberation.
Nixon's Diplomatic Bold Move
- Nixon met with Chinese leaders in Beijing in a diplomatic gesture.
Nixon's Silent Majority
- The silent majority represented blue-collar workers who felt overlooked in the political process and opposed the Vietnam War.
Democratic Party Rifts in 1968
- Conflicts over the Vietnam War, civil rights, protests, and assassinations divided the Democratic Party in 1968.
Kent State University Protests
- The demonstrations at Kent State protested the invasion of Cambodia by US forces.
Nixon's Response to Anti-War Sentiment (1971)
- Recognizing widespread anti-war sentiment, Nixon released the Pentagon Papers.
US Soldiers' Treatment of Vietnamese Civilians
- According to John Kerry, many US soldiers mistreated Vietnamese civilians, which played a role in broader issues during the Vietnam War.
Ford and Soviet Union
- The agreement between Gerald Ford and the Soviet Union in 1976 ended outstanding territorial issues from World War II.
Watergate Indictments
- Bob Woodward was not indicted following the Watergate break-in and cover-up.
White House Plumbers/Dirty Tricks Activities
- The White House plumbers and the "dirty tricks" squad engaged in illegal activities, including wiretapping, burglary like the Watergate break-in, and disinformation campaigns.
Carter's Famous Campaign Promise
- Carter promised honesty and integrity to voters during his 1976 presidential campaign.
Carter's Deregulation Rationale
- Carter's deregulation aimed for increased competitiveness in businesses.
Carter's Foreign Policy Successes
- The Camp David Accords, Panama Canal Treaty, normalized relations with China, and a focus on human rights were among Carter's foreign policy successes.
Reagan's Political Background
- Ronald Reagan was a former Democrat, before adapting a conservative Republican view.
Trickle-Down Economics
- Trickle-down economics is the belief that tax cuts for the rich benefit the poor due to increased economic development and investment.
Reagan's Economic Reform Plan
- Reagan's economic plan focused on lower taxes, deregulation, reduced government spending, and increased military spending.
Reagan's Political Style
- Reagan's political style was characterized as folksy and likable.
STOP ERA Movement Opposition to ERA
- The STOP ERA movement, led by Phyllis Schlafly, opposed the Equal Rights Amendment, arguing that it would end gender-specific privileges enjoyed by women.
Moral Majority Values
- The Moral Majority stressed Christian values, family values, opposition to abortion and homosexuality, support for a strong military, and reduced government involvement.
Reagan Administration's Support in Nicaragua
- The Reagan administration supported anti-Sandinista groups, known as the Contras, in Nicaragua.
Iraq's Triggering Action in the Persian Gulf War
- Iraq's invasion of Kuwait sparked the Persian Gulf War.
Iran-Contra Affair Summary
- The Iran-Contra Affair involved illegal sales of weapons to Iran in exchange for release of hostages, and the secret use of funds to support Nicaraguan Contras. This created a major political scandal.
Clinton and NAFTA
- The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was negotiated and ratified during the Clinton administration.
2000 Election Recount
- The 2000 election recount controversy took place in Florida.
Clinton Administration Foreign Policy Successes
- The creation of NAFTA, peace efforts in the Middle East, intervention in the Balkans, NATO expansion, and better relations with China were among Clinton's foreign policy successes.
Studying That Suits You
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Test your knowledge on the key inventions and figures of late 19th-century American industrialization. This quiz covers influential entrepreneurs like Rockefeller and Westinghouse, as well as the impact of their innovations on society and urbanization. Challenge yourself with questions about their business strategies and legacy.
