American Industrialization Quiz

<p>Andrew Carnegie (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exclusive partnerships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It eliminated competition in the market. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robber barons caused harm to workers and consumers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of labor unions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The corrupt politics of the post-Civil War era (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encouraged southern states to support Hayes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A former member of the Republican Party (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chester A. Arthur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They strongly supported its continuation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mugwumps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate civil rights and political participation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He invited strikers and owners to the White House. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Payne-Aldrich Act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Referendums (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate protests for equal rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protesting outside the White House (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An eight-hour workday (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A minimum wage for all workers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AFL prioritized skilled workers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased manufacturing jobs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ads created a false sense of equality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skyscrapers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Childcare (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Television for entertainment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To escape agricultural poverty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Southern and eastern Europeans often had more wealth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widespread corruption in administration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed for social mobility through advanced degrees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comfort and consumption reflect social status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Idealism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They felt it gave the United States too much leverage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mexico and Japan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resentment over perceived U.S. control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>William Jennings Bryan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They refused to warn targets before attacking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Espionage Act (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of enforcement and rise of illegal activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mutual defense agreement among nations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arguments made by Wilson's daughter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He faced strong opposition from Senate Republicans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By forming loyalty leagues and propaganda campaigns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflation raised living costs significantly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concerns over being drawn into foreign conflicts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To champion civil rights against war-time legislation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengthening government intervention to regulate large businesses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Federal Reserve Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desire for new colonies in Asia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A network of international trade agreements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They acted as refueling stations and military bases in the Pacific (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worries over the economic benefits of imperialism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reform and improve governance in the Philippines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate training and outdated equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By allowing tax collection on goods traded within China (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By providing arms and financial support to the Chinese government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seeking economic influence over military control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They preferred to construct the canal themselves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assert U.S. involvement in Latin American affairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He sought to maintain balance of power in Asia while asserting dominance in Latin America (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>improved international relations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the murder of a Black boy who swam too close to a White beach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>a desire for a return to normalcy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Jazz Singer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the assembly line method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>teaching evolution in public schools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sigmund Freud (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Billy Sunday (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>political power for white Protestants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Langston Hughes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the economy was thriving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>illegal production and distribution of alcohol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretary of the Interior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>marked by scandal and dishonesty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fair Deal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National healthcare (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inaccessibility due to discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Containment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marshall Plan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People should rely on themselves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishment of a Demilitarized Zone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bonus Expeditionary Force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Federal government (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputnik (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Nassau County, New York (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public works projects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Segregation in job opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased demand for housing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ineffective fertilizing methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alan Freed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hope and perseverance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of television (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He deserves criticism for his inadequate response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased demand for automobiles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutual respect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Censorship and fear among artists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Met privately with Hoover to discuss changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tax cuts for the wealthy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Declining audience loyalty due to selective viewing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gather experts for New Deal strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racially restrictive housing covenants could not be enforced by the government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agreeing on reinvestment of profits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unclear enforcement and weak compliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct relief and employment opportunities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She was a key figure in the National Youth Administration (NYA). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quarantine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Townsend Plan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It established federal oversight in areas with a history of discrimination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medicaid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gerald P. Nye (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial segregation in public spaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He did not push for increased refugee admissions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To continue keeping production going without strikes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing influence of television on moviegoers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bracero program (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Tet Offensive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combat Communism through education and aid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volunteering with organizations like the Red Cross (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Civil Rights Act of 1964 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The invasion of North Africa to assist Soviet allies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Black Panthers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing any negotiation that could maintain Axis power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing poverty and improving living conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Persecution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iwo Jima (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cuban Missile Crisis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To focus on strategic locations and shorten the war (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amendment XXIV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To demonstrate military superiority to the Soviet Union (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deregulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It would end gender-specific privileges women enjoyed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opposition to Homosexuality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contra Rebels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kuwait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The U.S. illegally sold weapons to Iran. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NAFTA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Florida (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating peace in the Middle East (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abortion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Students for a Democratic Society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To de-criminalize the use of birth control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dennis Banks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abortions obtained during the first three months of pregnancy were legal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peace, love, and harmony (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Met with Chinese leaders in Beijing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They believed their opinions were overlooked in the political process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The invasion of Cambodia by U.S. forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Moscow Communiqué (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bob Woodward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wiretapping and illegal surveillance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That he would never lie (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure companies would become more competitive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Westinghouse's alternating current (AC) power system allowed machines to be located farther from the power source, unlike earlier direct current (DC) systems.

New inventions like elevators, streetcars, electricity, telegraphs, and telephones made cities more livable, efficient, and connected, spurring population growth.

Jay Gould was a notorious railroad tycoon known for aggressive and exploitative business practices in the late 19th century.

John D. Rockefeller used horizontal and vertical integration, along with holding companies, to build his oil empire.

A strategy where one company buys out its competitors to form a monopoly, gaining market control.

"Robber barons" focused on maximizing profit, often at the expense of workers and the public, while "Captains of Industry" used innovative business methods to build successful industries.

Typewriters were one of the inventions from that era that did not fit into all of the criteria to be considered a "success" at that time.

Horizontal integration was effective in consolidating power and eliminating competition, leading to a tighter grip on markets, but its legality wasn't clear initially, leading to new regulations.

An eight-hour workday was a significant goal for striking workers in the late 19th century.

The Knights of Labor sought an end to convict labor, equal pay, and cooperative businesses.

Knights of Labor aimed to improve everyone's work conditions while the AFL focused on skilled workers.

Factors like personal credit, advertising, higher disposable income, and mail-order catalogs fueled the growth of a consumer culture.

Ads promoted the idea that purchasing goods could lead to greater happiness and success.

Electric lighting, communication (trains), elevators (skyscrapers), and job opportunities in factories were crucial for city growth.

Settlement houses offered childcare, job opportunities, and political advocacy to working-class women.

African Americans moved from the rural South to the urban North to find wage-earning work.

Southern and Eastern European immigrants were generally poorer and less skilled than their Western/Northern European counterparts.

Immigrants were different (language, religion, customs) and sometimes worked for lower wages, creating resentment in many city dwellers.

Amusement parks were a popular pastime for working-class urban dwellers.

Machine politics disadvantaged city dwellers by creating inequalities and corruption.

Education played a crucial role in the development of the middle class, allowing people to improve their positions.

Veblen argued that the middle class was overly focused on consumption and comfort.

Social Darwinism was not an element of realism in the arts and literature.

Writers, photographers, and artists increasingly portrayed the lives and conditions of the poor, workers, and city dwellers.

Theodore Roosevelt's progressive platform advocating for government regulation of big businesses, social welfare programs, and fair competition.

Woodrow Wilson's progressive agenda emphasizing limited government, breaking up monopolies, reducing tariffs, reforming banking, and empowering small businesses.

Wilson's New Freedom agenda unfolded in two phases. The first (1913) focused on economic reforms like the Underwood Tariff and the Federal Reserve Act. The second (1916) expanded to social welfare programs.

The U.S. showed little interest in expansion during this period due to focusing on post-Civil War Reconstruction, avoiding further conflicts, and the rise of anti-imperialist sentiments.

Mahan argued for a strong navy, global military bases, and a canal through Central America to build an effective American empire, but he did not believe in reopening the American frontier.

The Midway Islands provided a strategic refueling point, military base location, and shipping route in the Pacific, strengthening American influence in the region.

The Anti-Imperial League opposed the creation of an American empire due to concerns about racial mixing, fears of foreign worker competition, and the belief that empire contradicts American democracy.

The Taft Commission focused on rebuilding and reforming governance in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, improving public health, education, and infrastructure.

The U.S. military faced challenges like poor training, outdated equipment, and logistical issues, but ultimately overcame them with the Navy's victory at Santiago and strong leadership.

Hay's Open Door policy in China allowed the U.S. to access Chinese markets without direct military control, giving American businesses equal trading opportunities with other nations.

The Boxer Rebellion strengthened U.S. ties with China by having the U.S. support the Chinese government against the rebels, further securing U.S. influence in the region.

The Open Door notes signaled a shift towards economic dominance instead of military force, securing American economic influence in China through diplomacy.

Colombia initially agreed to the canal construction but disputed the location and payment terms, eventually leading to the U.S. negotiating with Panama.

The Roosevelt Corollary established the U.S. right to intervene in Latin American affairs to prevent European influence and maintain regional stability.

Roosevelt was more aggressive in Latin America to counter European influence and protect strategic interests, whereas he adopted a more diplomatic approach in Asia to maintain a balance of power.

Mark Twain's term "Gilded Age" points to the corrupt politics of the post-Civil War era in the United States, where a facade of prosperity masked underlying issues of economic and social inequality.

The Great Compromise of 1877, a deal to resolve the disputed presidential election, indirectly encouraged Southern states to support Rutherford B. Hayes by offering them political and economic benefits, effectively ending Reconstruction.

The federal government was relatively weak during the late 19th century due to several factors: a hands-off approach to business, widespread corruption, strong state power, weak presidents, and a focus on economic growth over social issues.

A Mugwump was a term used to describe a liberal Democrat who opposed the corrupt practices of the Republican Party, especially the spoils system.

Grover Cleveland, the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, made significant steps towards civil service reform by promoting merit-based hiring in government positions rather than patronage.

Late 19th-century U.S. presidents, with few exceptions, fiercely defended the spoils system because it allowed them to reward political supporters and maintain control over government appointments.

Farmers' protest groups in the late 19th century included the Grange, the Farmers' Alliance, and the People's Party (Populists), which advocated for economic and political reforms to support farmers.

Overproduction, a consequence of increased agricultural output, was a significant factor contributing to the plight of farmers as it led to lower prices and economic instability.

Within the Farmer's Alliance, women played active roles, organizing women's branches, advocating for education, and promoting social reforms, contributing to the broader movement for change.

When Coxey's Army, a group of unemployed men marching to Washington D.C. to demand economic relief, arrived, they were ignored and ultimately arrested.

William Jennings Bryan appealed to Populists by promoting free silver, a system that would inflate the money supply, and opposing high tariffs, which would increase costs for farmers.

Ida Tarbell, a muckraking journalist, wrote extensively about the unethical business practices of Standard Oil, exposing its monopolistic control and contributing to the public demand for reform.

The Progressive Era focused on key areas: land reform, promoting democracy, regulating businesses, and advancing social justice. It aimed to tackle issues like corruption, inequality, and environmental degradation.

Muckrakers, such as Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell, used investigative journalism to expose corruption and social problems. Their work raised public awareness, sparked outrage, and fueled the Progressive movement for reform.

The direct primary system, where voters directly choose candidates, replaced the traditional system of candidate selection by party bosses or convention delegates.

Examples of social justice Progressivism include campaigns against alcohol, initiatives for workplace safety, and improvements to education. These reforms aimed to address social problems and inequalities.

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting the US right to intervene in Latin American affairs to prevent European intervention, even in cases not directly involving US interests.

Taft's foreign policy approach using financial influence to achieve foreign policy objectives, often through investments and loans.

Wilson's foreign policy approach focusing on promoting democracy and upholding international law, emphasizing ethical and idealistic principles.

German term for submarine, used extensively in WW1, violating international law by not warning targets before attacking.

While advocating moral diplomacy, Wilson's actions in Mexico and during WW1 involved interventions and military actions that contradicted his ideals.

A government agency created during WW1 to manage the nation's industrial resources and production during the war effort.

Legislation restricting criticism and opposition towards the government, especially during wartime, which aimed to suppress dissent against the war effort.

Government-led efforts to influence public opinion during WW1, promoting national unity and war support while demonizing the enemy.

The importance of national unity and social harmony to fully support the war effort, maintain morale, and avoid internal division.

Increased prices for goods and services during WW1 due to scarcity and demand, eroding the purchasing power of wages.

Women's increased participation in the workforce during WW1, taking on traditionally male roles, contributed to the fight for women's suffrage.

The ban on alcohol during the 1920s was ineffective, leading to widespread illegal production and consumption, organized crime, and eventual repeal.

The article in the Treaty of Versailles that called for collective action by the League of Nations to uphold international peace and security.

Senate opposition to the Treaty of Versailles stemmed from concerns about the League of Nations, potential US involvement in future wars, and partisan politics.

A factor that contributed to unrest and instability in the United States immediately following World War I.

The event that sparked the 1919 Chicago Race Riot was the murder of a Black teenager who swam too close to a White beach.

Warren Harding's 1920 presidential campaign slogan, promising a return to a simpler, more stable time after the disruptions of World War I.

The first successful talking motion picture was The Jazz Singer (1927).

Radios played a significant role in expanding both the communications and sports industries.

Charles Lindbergh was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

Henry Ford revolutionized automobile production by introducing the assembly line, making cars more affordable and accessible.

The Scopes Monkey Trial was a legal case challenging a law prohibiting the teaching of Darwinism in public schools.

Billy Sunday was a famous evangelist during the 1920s who also played professional baseball.

The Second Ku Klux Klan advocated for white supremacy and promoted hatred toward non-white Protestants, especially immigrants, African Americans, Jews, and Catholics.

The popularization of Sigmund Freud's ideas contributed to the changing social morals of the 1920s.

Alice Paul promoted the Equal Rights Amendment to end gender discrimination.

Sinclair Lewis's novel Babbitt satirized the conformity and materialism of the American middle class.

Prohibition failed due to continued illegal alcohol consumption, enforcement difficulties, and public perception of it as an infringement on personal freedom.

Warren Harding was the Republican presidential nominee in the 1920 election.

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) struggled with businesses ignoring its rules and ineffective enforcement, limiting its impact on labor rights.

In 1935, the Supreme Court declared parts of the NRA unconstitutional, significantly weakening its power to regulate industries and protect workers.

Mary McLeod Bethune was a prominent figure in the National Youth Administration (NYA), promoting educational and job opportunities for African Americans.

The Social Security Act drew inspiration from the Townsend Plan, which proposed a monthly pension for the elderly.

Gerald P. Nye, a United States Senator, led the noninterventionist movement, urging neutrality legislation during the 1930s.

While Roosevelt allowed a small number of Jewish refugees into the U.S., his efforts fell short due to limited immigration quotas and political pressure.

During World War II, unionized workers agreed to maintain production by not striking, sacrificing vacations and time off to support the war effort.

The bracero program was established during World War II to recruit Mexican agricultural workers to fill labor shortages in the United States.

American women contributed to the war effort by working in factories, serving in non-combat roles in the military, volunteering for organizations, and supporting rationing initiatives.

The Soviet Union demanded that Britain and the United States invade Western Europe to distract German forces away from the Eastern Front.

Roosevelt's demand for unconditional surrender from Germany and Japan aimed to ensure complete Axis defeat and prevent any possibility of a negotiated peace that might leave them in power.

The Holocaust unfolded in four phases: early persecution, ghettos and deportations, mass murder, and the end of the war.

The Allied island hopping strategy aimed to capture key islands in the Pacific, providing bases for bombing Japan while avoiding a costly and lengthy campaign against every island.

President Truman's decision to drop a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki was likely influenced by multiple factors, including speeding up Japan's surrender, demonstrating American power, uncertainty about the effects of the first bomb, and military targets.

Hoover believed in rugged individualism, where people should rely on themselves and not expect government intervention. He favored voluntary cooperation between businesses, workers, and the government.

A philosophy where the government minimally intervenes in the economy, allowing businesses to operate freely.

Hoover initially relied on voluntary cooperation and limited government intervention, which proved ineffective in addressing the Great Depression's severity.

A group of WWI veterans who marched on Washington D.C. demanding immediate payment of their promised bonus, leading to a negative public image for Hoover.

The federal government, along with local organizations like churches and wealthy individuals, provided direct relief to those in need during the Depression.

Hoover focused on large-scale projects like the Hoover Dam and loans to businesses, which were less effective in directly helping individuals struggling with unemployment and poverty.

African Americans faced severe hardships during the Great Depression, including lower wages, job discrimination, and displacement by white workers.

The Dust Bowl was caused by a combination of overcultivation, poor farming techniques, unfavorable weather, and declining demand for agricultural products.

Movies during the Depression often portrayed themes of hope, perseverance, and escaping hardship, reflecting American values shifting from material success to resilience and happiness.

Hoover's response to the Great Depression was criticized for being inadequate, even though he was not responsible for the initial stock market crash.

Hoover's foreign policy was primarily isolationist, prioritizing minimizing America's involvement in international affairs.

Roosevelt actively attempted to influence policy before assuming the presidency, advocating for direct relief and pushing for changes during Hoover's final months.

Roosevelt's initial New Deal plans included public works, economic regulation, aid to farmers, but not the elimination of the gold standard.

Roosevelt's 'Brains Trust' was a group of experts assembled to advise him on developing policies and solutions for the Great Depression.

The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) encouraged industries to set prices, production levels, and recognize workers' rights to unionize, but did not require them to reinvest profits.

European and Asian cinema became more popular, offering different styles and themes, posing a challenge to Hollywood's dominance.

Moviegoers became more selective, wanting innovative content to keep them engaged, which was difficult for Hollywood to consistently provide.

The control of Hollywood studios weakened, allowing actors and directors more power, leading to financial instability.

The Hays Code, which censored movie content, restricted filmmakers' creative freedom, further restricting their ability to innovate.

Thurgood Marshall, a NAACP lawyer, is known as "Mr. Civil Rights" for his tireless work fighting racial discrimination.

Orval Faubus, the governor of Arkansas, tried to prevent the integration of Little Rock High School, defying the Supreme Court.

This 1948 Supreme Court case ruled that racially restrictive covenants (agreements preventing certain races from owning property) were unenforceable, limiting housing discrimination.

Kennedy described his action of sealing off Cuba to prevent Soviet shipments of weapons or supplies as a "quarantine."

Kennedy proposed an amendment to outlaw poll taxes, taxes that were used unfairly to disenfranchise African Americans.

Kennedy's flexible response strategy aimed to have multiple options for dealing with Communist threats, using diplomacy and conventional military force instead of only nuclear weapons.

Kennedy authorized an invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles, hoping to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government, but it failed disastrously.

Kennedy responded decisively to the Soviet Union's placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba by imposing a naval blockade and demanding their removal, ultimately preventing a nuclear war.

Medicaid was Johnson's program to provide federal funding for healthcare for low-income individuals, a key aspect of his Great Society initiatives.

The Tet Offensive, a massive surprise attack by North Vietnamese forces, led many Americans to question the war's winnability.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Economic Opportunity Act, and Great Society Programs were key Johnson administration initiatives that significantly improved the lives of African Americans.

President Truman's program of economic and social reform, focused on improving the lives of Americans.

The portion of Truman's domestic agenda that Congress opposed, aiming to provide universal healthcare.

The GI Bill provided funding for veterans to attend college, vocational schools, and other educational programs after WWII.

The GI Bill provided low-interest loans for veterans to purchase homes, contributing to the post-war housing boom.

Although the GI Bill helped veterans, it wasn't equally accessible to all, especially African Americans who faced discrimination.

The US strategy during the Cold War to prevent the spread of Soviet influence and communism around the world.

The Marshall Plan, designed to aid Europe in recovering from the devastation of World War II by providing economic assistance.

The agreement that ended active fighting in the Korean War, leaving a divided Korea and a heavily guarded border zone.

Sputnik, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, was the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth.

The original Levittown, a pioneering suburban development, was built on Long Island, New York.

Suburbanization, the growth of suburbs, boosted various industries like construction, retail, and automobiles, driving the post-war economy.

Alan Freed, a disc jockey, popularized rock and roll music in the 1950s, playing it on his radio show and promoting concerts.

Hollywood faced challenges due to the rise of television, the blacklist during the Red Scare, and the increasing influence of television.

A political and economic system where the means of production are owned and controlled by the community as a whole, rather than by individuals or private companies.

The practice of allocating government funds for projects that benefit a specific region or constituency, often regardless of their necessity or merit, primarily to win votes.

An economic theory that argues that government intervention, through spending and taxation, can stimulate demand and stabilize the economy during periods of recession.

An economic policy that argues that tax cuts for the wealthy will stimulate investment and economic growth, which will eventually benefit everyone.

Ronald Reagan's economic plan focused on tax cuts, deregulation, reduced government spending, and strong defense spending to stimulate the economy.

Reagan's political style was often described as folksy and likeable, using charisma and optimism to appeal to the public.

Phyllis Schlafly's STOP ERA movement argued that the Equal Rights Amendment would end gender-specific privileges women enjoyed, potentially leading to negative consequences.

The Moral Majority emphasized traditional Christian values, opposing abortion, homosexuality, and advocating for a strong national defense.

The U.S.-backed rebel group fighting against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua during the 1980s.

Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, triggering the Persian Gulf War.

A movement that emphasized racial pride, self-sufficiency, and sometimes self-defense within the Black community, advocating for empowerment and equality.

One of the major student organizations involved in protests and demonstrations against the Vietnam War, advocating for social change and challenging the status quo.

The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded to fight for women's equality, including equal rights, participation in all aspects of American life, and the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.

The birth control pill gave women greater control over their reproductive choices, allowing for greater freedom and autonomy, influencing social changes and empowering women.

Dennis Banks was one of the original founders of the American Indian Movement (AIM), a group that advocated for Indigenous rights and self-determination.

The Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade legalized abortion during the first three months of pregnancy, establishing women's right to choose in reproductive health.

Hippies embraced values of peace, love, harmony, and individual freedom, rejecting materialism, war, and societal norms, often through music, art, and counterculture movements.

President Nixon took a bold diplomatic step by meeting with Chinese leaders in Beijing, opening a new era of relations between the US and China.

Nixon referred to blue-collar workers who felt their opinions were overlooked in the political process, seeking to represent their concerns and values.

The Democratic Party faced division in 1968 over the Vietnam War, Civil Rights issues, widespread protests, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy.

The demonstrations at Kent State University protested the invasion of Cambodia by U.S. forces, leading to a tragic event where students were killed by National Guard troops.

Nixon recognized the growing public opposition to the Vietnam War, but he didn't end the war. He repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which had been a foundation for US involvement in Vietnam.

John Kerry, a Vietnam veteran, gave a powerful testimony about war crimes committed by US soldiers against Vietnamese civilians, raising awareness about the atrocities happening.

Gerald Ford signed the Helsinki Accords with the Soviet Union, ending territorial issues left over from World War II and marking a shift towards détente.

Bob Woodward, a journalist who played a key role in uncovering the Watergate scandal, was not indicted because he was a reporter, not a participant in the crimes.

The White House Plumbers and the 'dirty tricks' squad engaged in unethical and illegal activities such as wiretapping, burglary, disinformation campaigns, and harassment to damage political opponents.

During his 1976 election campaign, Jimmy Carter famously promised that he would never lie, emphasizing his honesty and integrity.

Carter deregulated several industries to promote competition and economic growth, including airlines, but it also had unintended consequences like rising oil prices.