American Imperialism

• Risks of building an overseas empire included using resources for wars over colonies and having to govern/aid acquired lands.
• Benefits of building an overseas empire included gaining more natural resources and land.

Causes of American Imperialism

• Big business growth fueled the need for expansion.
• The idea of Manifest Destiny promoted taking over land.
• Competition with Europe drove the quest for colonies.
• Achieving military success was a motivator.
• Spreading democracy and American culture was a goal.

Yellow Press

• Sensational headlines and exaggerated stories were used to boost newspaper readership.

Alfred Thayer Mahan's Influence

• Advocated for increasing navy funding
• Promoted colonialism

1890 McKinley Tariff

• Raised barriers against Hawaiian sugar imports
• Led to a rush for Hawaii's annexation supported by planters.

Spanish-American War

• The U.S. supported Cuba's fight for independence from Spain in 1898.

USS Maine

• Its explosion in Havana harbor contributed to the start of the Spanish-American War.

Hawaii

• Became a U.S. territory in 1900.

Rough Riders

• A volunteer unit during the Spanish-American War.

Puerto Rico

• Became a U.S. territory in 1898.

Philippines

• Declared independence from Spain in 1898.
• The U.S. took control and did not recognize their independence.

Foraker Act of 1900

• Granted Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government.

Insular Cases

• Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, U.S. citizen rights.

Platt Amendment

• Allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuba.
• Gave the U.S. control of the Guantanamo Bay naval base.

Open Door Notes

• Secretary of State John Hay sent messages in 1899.
• Urged countries not to interfere with U.S. trading rights in China.

McKinley's 1900 Election Victory

• He won the election because he won the Spanish-American War.
• He protected the gold standard.
• He presided over a period of economic expansion.

Panama Canal

• Construction started in 1904 and was completed 10 years later.
• Benefited American commerce and military capability.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• The U.S. had the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America by using military force

Gentlemen's Agreement

• A secret agreement between the U.S. and Japan.
• The U.S. promised to repeal anti-Japanese policies in San Francisco.
• Japan would restrict immigration to the U.S.

Great White Fleet

• Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour from 1907-1909.
• Demonstrated U.S. naval power.
• Pressured Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Progressive Era "Evils"

• Progressives fought against the interests, government corruption, and social injustice.

Muckrakers

• Journalists who exposed the evils of the Industrial Revolution.

Political Goals of the Progressives

• Included direct primaries
• Called for initiative and referendum processes
• Enabled recall elections for elected officials
• Introduced the private Australian ballot
• Instituted direct election of Senators (17th amendment)

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

• The event resulted in 146 deaths in a factory fire in New York.
• Doors were locked, fire escape was faulty, there were no sprinkler systems, and fire trucks could not reach the highest floors of the factory
• Led to workplace reforms in New York State.

The Square Deal

• Roosevelt's economic policy aimed for fair relationships between companies and workers.

3 Cs of the Square Deal

• Control of Corporations
• Consumer Protection
• Conservation of Natural Resources

Interstate Commerce Commission

• An agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines with an emphasis on railroads

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

• Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs
• Gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade
• This is still existence as the FDA

Teddy Roosevelt's Impact

• Enlarged presidential power and prestige
• Shaped the Progressive movement
• Awakened Americans to their responsibilities as a world power

Dollar Diplomacy

• William Taft used American investments to boost American political interests abroad.

New Nationalism vs. New Freedom

• New Nationalism: Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election
• New Freedom: Woodrow Wilson's campaign speeches and promises in the 1912 presidential campaign

Significant Progressive Reforms

• Included municipal socialism
• The regulated of railroads
• The busting of trusts
• Controlling of corporations
• Increasing of democracy
• The introduction of referendum
• The introduction of women's suffrage
• The conservation of national resources
• The introduction of consumer protection

Roosevelt's Approach to Industrialization

• He wanted to make sure there was government involvement in the economy instead of the interests
• Wanted to increase responsibility and power of president, distinguishing between "good" vs "bad" trusts

Progressive Amendments

• 16th: income tax
• 17th: direct election of senators
• 18th: prohibition
• 19th: women's suffrage

Underwood Tariff

• Passed in 1913 under Woodrow Wilson
• Reduced average tariff duties by almost 15%.
• Established a graduated income tax.

Central Powers

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers

• Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia (left 1917), and later the US (1917)

WWI's Benefit to the U.S.

• Economic boom
• Increased manufacturing and trade