American History War of 1812 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the American sentiment towards Britain leading up to the War of 1812?

A strong alliance based on shared history and values.

A sense of resentment due to perceived interference and lack of respect. (correct)

Complete indifference and disinterest in British affairs.

A feeling of mutual respect and cooperation.

What was the main European conflict that diverted Britain's attention and resources, creating an opportunity for the United States?

The Crimean War.

The Franco-Prussian War.

The Napoleonic Wars. (correct)

The English Civil War.

What was the British practice of forcibly enlisting sailors known as?

Conscription

Impressment (correct)

Recruitment

Indenturement

Why were American sailors at risk of being impressed into British naval service?

They were sometimes mistaken for British citizens since identifying citizenship was difficult. Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many American sailors were estimated to have been impressed into the British navy between 1793 and 1812?

10,000 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the perception of the impressment of American citizens by the U.S. government?

A violation of national pride and personal freedom. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the 'press gangs' in the British Royal Navy?

To enforce military service by rounding up men. Signup and view all the answers

Besides the impressment of sailors, what other concern did many Americans have regarding British actions?

British interference in American politics and government. Signup and view all the answers

According to Thomas Jefferson, what was the primary inefficiency of British trade practices?

The required multiple crossings of the Atlantic and associated duties. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key concern that drove the War Hawks to advocate for war with Britain?

British interference with American shipping and westward expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What does Senator Henry Clay mean by 'extinguish the torch that lights up savage warfare'?

To end Indigenous resistance to American expansion by force. Signup and view all the answers

What did Jefferson believe the conquest of Canada would achieve for the United States?

The final expulsion of Britain from the American continent. Signup and view all the answers

According to John C. Calhoun, what was the expected ease of conquering parts of Canada?

It would be achieved swiftly once war was declared. Signup and view all the answers

What does President Madison urge Americans to do in his proclamation of war?

To maintain public order and support government measures. Signup and view all the answers

How are the statements of Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun similar to each other?

They both see Canada as a primary target of American expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What does the angelic figure in the painting 'American Progress' represent?

The westward expansion of American civilization. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of American westward expansion?

Spread American culture and 'civilization'. Signup and view all the answers

What is Jonathan Moore's primary focus of study?

Underwater historical sites related to the War of 1812 Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is a long-term impact of Britain's conflicts with France and the US on Canada?

Canada’s sense of national identity was strengthened. Signup and view all the answers

Why might it be useful to look at primary documents when studying the past?

They provide direct insights into the thoughts and feelings of people at the time. Signup and view all the answers

At what age did Jonathan Moore first start participating in archaeological work?

14 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for studying historical sites through archaeology?

To study and analyse the physical and material remains. Signup and view all the answers

Where did Jonathan Moore acquire his scuba diving skills?

In a university program Signup and view all the answers

What is Jonathan Moore's typical work routine throughout the year?

Spends half the year in the field and half in the office Signup and view all the answers

In the context of historical investigation, what advantages do archaeological sites provide?

They yield evidence independent of textual history. Signup and view all the answers

Which two American warships did Jonathan Moore recently survey in Lake Ontario?

USS Hamilton and USS Scourge Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the relationship between archaeological evidence and written or oral accounts of the past?

Archaeological evidence completes our understanding of the past. Signup and view all the answers

What was Jonathan Moore's impression during his survey of the sunken warships?

Like stepping back in time. Signup and view all the answers

What type of professional is Jonathan Moore?

An underwater archaeologist. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Americans decide to focus their attacks on the colonies in Canada during the War of 1812?

Because the Americans were unable to defeat the British navy Signup and view all the answers

What was Brigadier General William Hull's belief regarding the colonists in Upper Canada?

They would support the American invasion Signup and view all the answers

What was Major-General Sir Isaac Brock's first priority in Upper Canada during the War of 1812?

Strengthening Upper Canada's defenses Signup and view all the answers

What did Sir Isaac Brock believe was crucial to defend Upper Canada from an American invasion?

Controlling Michilimackinac Signup and view all the answers

What action was taken by the police in Québec City shortly after President Madison's declaration of war?

They ordered all American citizens to leave or face arrest Signup and view all the answers

What does Anne Prevost state that she felt for the Americans?

Disgust and anger Signup and view all the answers

How did the young British colonist, Jacob Cline, respond to the American officer's remark about being under American rule?

He said he was unsure that would happen Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Americans believe the colonists in Upper Canada would not resist their invasion?

They believed the colonists desired American protection from the British Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason why the United States declared war on Britain in 1812, according to the content (implied)?

To force the British to cease naval blockades and impressment of sailors Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the British attack on the USS Chesapeake in 1807?

To search for British deserters serving on the American ship. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of 'impressment' as it relates to historical context?

The act of forcibly enrolling individuals into military service. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of Tecumseh's proposed Indian Confederacy?

To unite First Nations people, reclaim territory, and resist expansion. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Embargo Act of 1807 impact the United States?

It damaged the American economy by limiting international sales and trade. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the British 'Orders in Council'?

A set of restrictions enacted by Britain to hinder neutral nations from trading with France and allies. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the two Shawnee brothers that were pivotal in resisting American expansion?

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811?

A victory for American forces led by William Henry Harrison. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the First Nations align with the British during the War of 1812?

To defend their lands and way of life from ongoing expansion by the United States. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary point of conflict between Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison?

Harrison's role in acquiring First Nations lands, facilitating American settlement and expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What did some Americans believe Britain was doing to incite conflict in the region?

Providing advanced weaponry to First Nations peoples who were resisting American settlement. Signup and view all the answers

How did Napoleon's actions against Britain affect the United States?

It led to British restrictions on American trade, affecting the US economy. Signup and view all the answers

What did the American artist John Archibald Woodside try to show in his painting 'We Owe Allegiance to No Crown'?

The independence of the United States Signup and view all the answers

Before the War of 1812, what was a key point of contention between the US and the British on the open seas?

British impressment of American sailors. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Embargo Act of 1807 backfire for the American economy?

It prevented American merchants from selling goods abroad, negatively impacting the economy. Signup and view all the answers

What did Tecumseh warn Tenskwatawa before the Battle of Tippecanoe?

To wait for the First Nations confederacy to unite and strengthen. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of controlling Michilimackinac according to Brock?

It would control the Upper Great Lakes and defend against American invasion. Signup and view all the answers

What prompted General Hull to abandon his invasion of Upper Canada?

The successful British show of force at Michilimackinac. Signup and view all the answers

According to Brock's letter, what was the consequence of not controlling Detroit and Michilimackinac at the start of the hostilities?

The entire country up to Kingston would likely need to be evacuated. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a story map as described in the text?

To document and describe places, events, or affairs using online mapping technology. Signup and view all the answers

What did Hull's proclamation to Canadians state regarding his intentions?

He came to find enemies, not to create them, and to protect Canadians. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the battle at Lundy's Lane?

It was one of the key battles that took place on Upper Canadian soil. Signup and view all the answers

Which online mapping technology is specifically mentioned for creating a story map?

ArcGIS Online Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Americans consider Detroit a key location at the beginning of the War of 1812?

It was located between British forces and their First Nations allies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate description of skirmishes in the context of the War of 1812?

Unplanned conflicts between smaller military units. Signup and view all the answers

What was General Hull's strategy when approaching Upper Canada?

To scare colonists into surrendering to the Americans. Signup and view all the answers

According to the timeline, in which year did the Battle of Lake Erie occur?

1813 Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the British victory at Detroit?

It solidified alliances between the British and First Nations. Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurred after the Battle of Queenston Heights according to the timeline?

Creation of Coloured Corps. Signup and view all the answers

What was the key difference between the battles that took place in Upper and Lower Canada during the War of 1812?

Upper Canada hosted most of the battles. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Americans hope to accomplish by conquering Niagara?

To cut off British access to Detroit. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Treaty of Ghent?

It was the treaty that brought the War of 1812 to an end. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major factor contributing to the British victory at the Battle of Queenston Heights?

The arrival of additional British troops and First Nations warriors. Signup and view all the answers

What does Figure 6.16, 'British Troops at Michilimackinac', depict?

The rallying of British troops and their allies before battle. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the American Militia at Queenston Heights?

Some of them were not strong supporters of the war and refused to fight on the Canadian side of the border. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the story map mentioned in the text?

To combine text and multimedia to recount a story about the war. Signup and view all the answers

What does the text describe as the potential human cost of the War of 1812?

That thousands of deaths resulted both in battle and from disease. Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the War of 1812 that is visible in cities like Toronto?

Many monuments and significant historical remains of the war. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step when creating a story map of a battle, as described in the text?

Choose a battle and plan its documentation. Signup and view all the answers

After saving your base map, what is the next step in creating a story map?

Gather primary and secondary sources. Signup and view all the answers

What does the excerpt from Hull’s proclamation suggest about the American perspective on the war?

The Americans believed that Canadians would be eager to join their cause. Signup and view all the answers

What type of data sources should be considered when creating a story map?

Images, quotes, links to modern-day connections, first-hand accounts. Signup and view all the answers

According to Brock’s letter, what two locations were essential to controlling the territory, securing the British position?

Detroit and Michilimackinac Signup and view all the answers

Which action follows the selection of a suitable base map in ArcGIS Online, when creating a story map?

Choosing a title and adding tags to the map Signup and view all the answers

What does the text mention about the use of 'Add Map Notes' in ArcGIS Online?

It's used to show the location of key events in the area. Signup and view all the answers

After adding all key locations to the map, how should a story map be created?

By creating a web app using a Story Map Tour Template. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary strategic importance of York (present-day Toronto) during the War of 1812?

It was a key supply depot with weapons and a ship under construction. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the American attack on York?

To capture the HMS Sir Isaac Brock and control the Great Lakes. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the British retreat from York following the American attack?

The destruction of Fort York by explosion and the burning of the HMS Sir Isaac Brock. Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate British response to the American attack and occupation of York?

A retaliatory attack on Washington D.C, burning government buildings. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary American objective behind the plan to invade Montréal?

To cut off British supply lines between Montréal and Kingston. Signup and view all the answers

What unique aspect characterized the composition of the British forces at the Battle of Châteauguay?

They included a mix of British soldiers, Canadian Voltigeurs, local militia, and Indigenous warriors fighting together. Signup and view all the answers

What tactical maneuver did the British utilize at the Battle of Châteauguay, leading to the American retreat?

A deception involving the use of horns to create a false impression of strength. Signup and view all the answers

What significant development occurred between soldiers from Upper and Lower Canada at the Battle of Châteauguay?

They joined forces and fought alongside each other for the first time in North America. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary cause of confusion and friendly fire incidents during the Battle of Lundy’s Lane?

The lack of light, as the battle began at night. Signup and view all the answers

Following the Battle of Lundy’s Lane, what was the next defensive action taken by the American forces?

They established defenses at Fort Erie. Signup and view all the answers

What was the British military goal when they attacked Fort Erie?

To lay siege to the fort and force the Americans to withdraw. Signup and view all the answers

What was the final action taken by the American forces before their complete retreat from Fort Erie?

They destroyed the fort to prevent British use. Signup and view all the answers

What was the overall outcome of the Battle of Lundy's Lane and the Siege of Fort Erie in terms of claiming a clear victory?

Neither side achieved a clear victory, with both claiming success. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a reason for the Americans' failure to achieve their objectives in the war?

Poor leadership and communication hampered their war efforts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these locations has the most western longitude?

Detroit, Michigan Signup and view all the answers

What does the Oath of Citizenship signify for new Canadians?

A commitment to support the monarchy. Signup and view all the answers

Which event was a primary cause for the War of 1812?

The blockade of American trade by Britain. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the long-term causes of the War of 1812?

The ongoing conflict between Britain and France. Signup and view all the answers

What was one immediate cause of the War of 1812 related to U.S. sovereignty?

The impressment of American sailors. Signup and view all the answers

Why did First Nations appeal to the British during American westward expansion?

To reclaim their lost lands. Signup and view all the answers

How did the War of 1812 affect the British North American identity?

It reinforced loyalty to the monarchy. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Napoleon Bonaparte play in the context of the War of 1812?

He ignited further conflict between Britain and the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of causes do historians differentiate in analyzing historical events?

Long-term and immediate causes. Signup and view all the answers

What was Britain's rationale for the impressment of American sailors?

To protect British trade interests. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Napoleonic Wars have on American merchant ships?

They were often blockaded and inspected by Britain. Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'impressment' refer to in the context of the War of 1812?

The forced enlistment of sailors into the military. Signup and view all the answers

What was a long-term consequence of ignoring treaties with First Nations during American expansion?

Heightened tensions leading to conflict. Signup and view all the answers

What event connected Britain and the United States prior to the War of 1812?

The American Revolutionary War. Signup and view all the answers

What motivated the British to take action against the Americans during the lead-up to the War of 1812?

Fear of American military advancement into Upper Canada Signup and view all the answers

What accusation did the United States make against British fur trade officials?

They were supplying arms to First Nations to attack settlers Signup and view all the answers

What does 'jingoism' refer to in the context of American sentiments before the War of 1812?

A call for military action against Britain Signup and view all the answers

Who were the two strong leaders for the British colonies during the War of 1812?

Sir Isaac Brock and Tecumseh Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Major-General Brock's attack despite his death?

It reinforced British control in Upper Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the battle at York in April 1813?

The Americans captured and burned York. Signup and view all the answers

What tactic did Brock employ to create an illusion of a larger force at Fort Detroit?

Having soldiers march and build extra fires Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first major victories for the British and First Nations during the War of 1812?

Capture of Fort Michilimackinac Signup and view all the answers

How did Laura Secord contribute to the British victory at Beaver Dams?

She alerted British officers of the American plans. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the heavy casualties in the battle at Lundy's Lane?

The size of the forces was relatively equal. Signup and view all the answers

What advantage did Americans have at the onset of the War of 1812 despite Britain's larger navy?

Fewer territories to defend Signup and view all the answers

Who was the American general that surrendered at Fort Detroit during the War of 1812?

General William Hull Signup and view all the answers

What event inspired the writing of the American national anthem?

The defense of Fort McHenry. Signup and view all the answers

Why was the life of a soldier in the militia considered especially dangerous?

They had limited training and experience in warfare. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key reasons the First Nations allied with the British during the War of 1812?

To protect their land and sovereignty from American settlers Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the battle at Queenston Heights?

It marked a critical moment in the defense of Upper Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of British forces during the attack on Washington in August 1814?

To retaliate for American actions in Upper Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the victories at Fort Michilimackinac and Detroit have on the war efforts?

They secured the western front and strengthened defenses in Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the closely coordinated ambush at Beaver Dams?

The Americans were compelled to lay down their arms. Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately halted the American advance on Montréal in November 1813?

British forces successfully defended Crysler's Farm. Signup and view all the answers

How did the geography of British North America impact the War of 1812?

It created a vast territory for the British to defend. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Hull surrender at Fort Detroit without a fight?

He believed his troops were outnumbered and demoralized. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Brock's Monument near Niagara Falls?

It honors General Brock as a war hero. Signup and view all the answers

What described the American strategy in their initial attack on Upper Canada as shown by the battle at York?

It showcased their ability to invade critical areas. Signup and view all the answers

What was one impact of jingoism on American political decisions leading up to the war?

It led to calls for invasions of British territories. Signup and view all the answers

During the War of 1812, why did the British supply lines struggle to support their troops?

The roads were in poor condition. Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable feature of the conditions experienced by ordinary soldiers during the War of 1812?

They were often underpaid and poorly equipped. Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate result of the Battle of Lundy's Lane?

Significant losses on both sides with an American retreat. Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of the War of 1812 for the people of Upper Canada?

They united to resist a common enemy. Signup and view all the answers

Which group collaborated with the British during the War of 1812 to defend Upper Canada?

First Nations, Loyalists, and immigrants. Signup and view all the answers

What feeling began to emerge among the people of Upper Canada after the War of 1812?

Pride in their accomplishments. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Sir Isaac Brock's strategies in the War of 1812?

To secure alliances with the First Nations. Signup and view all the answers

What was Tecumseh's reaction to the sale of land by First Nations in Indiana?

He protested that tribes could not sell the land. Signup and view all the answers

What did the War of 1812 ultimately contribute to the development of Canada?

A growing sense of nationalism in Upper Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary challenge for Upper Canada during the War of 1812?

The threat of American invasion. Signup and view all the answers

How did the leadership of individuals like Sir Isaac Brock influence the outcome of the War of 1812?

Their strategies led to significant victories. Signup and view all the answers

What was Tecumseh's role during the War of 1812?

He worked to unite First Nations against American expansion. Signup and view all the answers

What critical event did Brock successfully lead in July 1812?

The capture of Detroit. Signup and view all the answers

What did the death of Sir Isaac Brock signify for the British forces?

A significant loss of morale and leadership. Signup and view all the answers

How did the War of 1812 alter perceptions of nationality in Upper Canada?

It began a movement towards Canadian nationalism. Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the War of 1812 encourage collaboration between different groups in Upper Canada?

It united them against a shared external threat. Signup and view all the answers

What was Tecumseh's main objective during the War of 1812?

To protect First Nations' land and rights. Signup and view all the answers

What was a common consequence for soldiers due to the lack of basic supplies during the War of 1812?

Deterioration of health and increased disease Signup and view all the answers

What was the typical daily pay for a private soldier during the War of 1812?

16 cents Signup and view all the answers

What was desertion during the War of 1812 generally considered to be?

A punishable crime subject to severe penalties Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the war have on local agriculture in British North America?

Farmers suffered as many were called away, leading to decline Signup and view all the answers

How did the War of 1812 affect the relationship between Canadians and the Americans?

Canadians felt more like British citizens and resisted Americans Signup and view all the answers

What issue did Lieutenant Colonel Benoni Wiltse highlight in his letter regarding the Militia?

The potential famine due to farmers leaving their crops Signup and view all the answers

What was the general state of the army towards the end of the War of 1812, according to Thomas G. Ridout?

The army was suffering from high rates of desertion Signup and view all the answers

What was a major result of the Treaty of Ghent signed in December 1814?

End of hostilities without major territorial changes Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect of the War of 1812 on the economy in British North America?

Growth of the import business Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant social impact of the War of 1812 on Canadians?

Greater unity against a common enemy Signup and view all the answers

What did the militia members risk by leaving their homes to fight?

Destruction of their homes and families Signup and view all the answers

The conditions faced by soldiers contributed to which of the following?

Long sick lists and unfit soldiers for duty Signup and view all the answers

What sentiments were expressed by leaders towards the militia's involvement in the war?

Concern for their well-being and home fronts Signup and view all the answers

How did the war influence Canadiens' perspective towards the Americans?

They viewed Americans as a significant threat Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Tecumseh after the Battle of Moraviantown?

He was killed in the battle. Signup and view all the answers

What fate awaited the Shawnee after Tecumseh's death?

They were forced to move west. Signup and view all the answers

How did Laura Secord contribute to the War of 1812?

She provided intelligence on American troop movements. Signup and view all the answers

What obstacle did Laura Secord face while trying to deliver her message?

A lack of transportation options due to poor road conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate result of Secord's warning to Fitzgibbon?

A surprise attack was executed against American troops. Signup and view all the answers

What was Fitzgibbon's reaction to Laura Secord's efforts?

He recognized her as a hero for her courage. Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of transportation was primarily used in early 1800s Upper Canada?

Sailing ships on the Great Lakes. Signup and view all the answers

What significant achievement did Laura Secord receive much later in her life?

She was awarded funds by the Prince of Wales. Signup and view all the answers

Why was travelling difficult in Southern Ontario in the early 1800s?

Natural obstacles and poor road conditions hindered travel. Signup and view all the answers

What role did First Nations play in the outcome of the War of 1812?

Their participation was crucial in several battles. Signup and view all the answers

What mode of transportation improved significantly after the early 1800s in the region?

Freighters and reliable highways improved transportation. Signup and view all the answers

How long did it take Laura Secord to complete her journey to warn Fitzgibbon?

20 hours over about 30 kilometers. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main challenges faced by soldiers during the War of 1812 in Southern Ontario?

Extreme heat that caused dehydration. Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did Laura Secord and her husband employ to gather intelligence during the war?

They secretly listened to American conversations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Wars are destructive and tragic. They are also messy and complicated, as

are the reasons causing them. The War of 1812 is no exception. A number

of factors caused the United States to declare war, once again, on Britain.

Despite gaining their independence from Britain in 1783, many Americans

felt that the British did not respect this independence. They believed that

the British were still trying to interfere in American politics and government

decision making.

THE NAPOLEONIC WARS

By 1812, Britain was already heavily engaged in a war with France.

Napoleon Bonaparte, an ambitious military leader, had become the ruler of

France. The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) pitted the French Empire against

other European powers, including Britain and Spain. Napoleon was in a

position to overtake Britain.

With Britain focused on fighting France in

Europe, the Americans saw an opportunity

to gain control of North America. Neither

the Americans nor the British thought

that Upper and Lower Canada would be

significant in this conflict. However, both

powers soon discovered the importance of

these colonies in determining the outcome

of the war.

Examine the painting in Figure 6.1.

What does the painting reveal about

how Americans viewed their relationship

with Britain?

ENFORCED MILITARY SERVICE

The British navy ruled the high seas. In times of war, however, sailors were often

in short supply. During the French Revolution (1789–1799) and the Napoleonic

Wars, the British Royal Navy authorized the search of port cities in Europe and

in the colonies to round up men to serve in the navy. The men would have no

choice but to join the navy. This practice was called impressment. The units

that enforced this military service were called press gangs.

As well, British navy captains chased down American merchant vessels

in search of British citizens who were trying to escape impressment by

working for the United States. Since citizenship was often difficult to prove,

American citizens were sometimes forced into service in the British navy.

Estimates suggest that 10 000 American sailors were forced to serve on

British ships between 1793 and 1812.

The United States viewed impressment as an offence to national pride and

the personal freedom of Americans. This was apparent in an 1807 incident

that occurred off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia. In June 1807, HMS Leopard,

a British warship, fired on USS Chesapeake, an American ship, for failing to

stop so that the British could search for deserters. Deserters are soldiers

who leave military service without permission. Although the numbers vary,

some sources indicate three men on the Chesapeake were killed and another

18 were wounded. Others were taken prisoner by the British and put on

trial, including three Americans. The Americans were enraged. Examine an

illustration of the incident, shown in Figure 6.2. Why was impressment a

source of tension between the United States and Britain?

FIGURE 6.1 American artist

John Archibald Woodside created

this painting, entitled We Owe

Allegiance to No Crown, in 1814.

“Crown” is a reference to the British

monarchy. Analyze: How does

the artist indicate that the United

States is independent from Britain?

FIGURE 6.2 This 1884 engraving

by American illustrator Howard

Pyle shows a British press gang

from HMS Leopard investigating

USS Chesapeake on June 22, 1807.

Analyze: What does the body

language of the inspectors and of

the man being inspected tell you

about the practice of impressment?

impressment the act of

forcing individuals to serve

in the military with or

without notice

deserter a soldier who

abandons military service

without permission

166 UNIT 2: Conflicts and Challenges in Canada: 1800–1850 NEL NEL CHAPTER 6: The War of 1812 167

TECUMSEH AND TENSKWATAWA

Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief and military leader. He opposed the expansion

of American territories into the Ohio River Valley. His brother, Tenskwatawa,

was a spiritual leader of the Shawnee. The brothers had similar goals for

First Nations in America. Tenskwatawa wanted to unify First Nations peoples

as one community. Tecumseh proposed an Indian Confederacy in which all

First Nations would unite and live on protected lands. His goal was to reclaim

territory for the confederacy that had been lost to American settlers. Look

at Figure 6.4, which shows a confrontation in 1810 between Tecumseh and

William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory. Tecumseh was

protesting Harrison’s role in acquiring First Nations lands, which paved the way

for expanding American settlements. What details has the artist used to suggest

a peaceful resolution to the issue was not possible?

Tecumseh’s confederacy was dealt a significant blow on November 7,

1811. Tenskwatawa and his warriors launched an attack against Harrison’s

forces, despite warnings from Tecumseh to wait until the confederacy was

united and strong. The Americans defeated Tenskwatawa at the Battle of

Tippecanoe. Tecumseh went on to lead First Nations warriors against the

Americans during the War of 1812. Tecumseh’s confederacy allied with the

British in part to defend the First Nations way of life and lands from the

ongoing expansion of the United States.

FIGURE 6.4 This undated

engraving, called Genl.

Harrison & Tecumseh, was

created by American illustrator

John Reuben Chapin. The

colour was added at a later

date. It depicts a clash between

Shawnee Chief Tecumseh and

Governor Harrison at Harrison’s

Indiana home in 1810. Analyze: With

whose perspective—Tecumseh’s or

Harrison’s—do you think the artist is

more sympathetic? Why?

RESTRICTIONS ON TRADE

Britain’s conflict with France also affected the ability of the United States

to trade with other countries. As Britain gained the upper hand on the

seas, Napoleon tried to destroy his enemy economically. In 1806, Napoleon

ordered European nations under French control to stop trading with Britain.

Britain responded by using its naval power to block cargo ships that were

entering or leaving those European ports. In 1807, Britain issued laws, called

Orders in Council, that called for neutral nations (those not taking sides

in the war, such as the United States) to stop trading with France and its

allies. Read the excerpt in Figure 6.3 by Thomas Jefferson, the American

president from 1801 to 1809. How do you think the United States reacted to

the restrictions?

Britain did not consider taking American ships that challenged its Orders

in Council to be an act of aggression. The United States held a different view.

In response, the United States passed its own laws to restrict trade involving

Britain and France. The Embargo Act, 1807 was intended to slow or stop

the movement of American goods that supplied the British and French war

efforts. The Embargo Act, 1807 backfired, however. Rather than achieving

its goal of getting Britain to back off, the legislation further harmed the

American economy and its citizens. American farmers and merchants were

not able to sell or trade their goods abroad.

CHALLENGE TO EXPANSION

Another source of tension was the British support for the creation of

neutral First Nations territories. The Americans believed that they needed

to protect American settlements on the southern and western frontiers,

in places such as Ohio and Kentucky, from the Shawnee and other

First Nations. The Shawnee and their allies were equally determined

to stop the American expansion and drive out the settlers from

First Nations lands. Some Americans believed that the British in Upper

and Lower Canada were providing weapons to First Nations resisting

American settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

FIGURE 6.3 This excerpt is from a

letter written by former American

president Jefferson to Consul

James Maury on June 16, 1815. As

an American consul in Great Britain,

Maury represented the interests

of the United States in England.

Analyze: What British practices

described in this excerpt do you

think the Americans would view as

grounds for war?

“[Britain] forbade us to trade with any nation without entering

and paying duties in their ports on both the outward and inward cargo.

Thus, to carry a cargo of cotton from Savannah to St. Mary’s, and take

returns in fruits, for example, our vessel was to go to England, enter and

pay a duty on her cottons there, return to St. Mary’s, then go back to

England to enter and pay a duty on her fruits, and then return to Savannah,

after crossing the Atlantic four times, and paying tributes [payments] on

both cargoes to England, instead of the direct passage of a few hours. And

taking ships not doing this, the [British say], is no aggression.”

— Thomas Jefferson, former American president

What long-term impact

do you think Britain’s

conflicts with France

and the United States

had on Canada?

168 UNIT 2: Conflicts and Challenges in Canada: 1800–1850 NEL NEL CHAPTER 6: The War of 1812 169

AMERICAN EXPECTATIONS

South Carolina congressman John C. Calhoun was another well-known

War Hawk, like Clay. Based on his statement in Figure 6.7, what challenges

does he anticipate from an invasion of Upper and Lower Canada?

During his presidency, Jefferson had tried to avoid another war with

Britain. On August 4, 1812, however, Jefferson wrote a letter to journalist

and military officer Colonel William Duane. Figure 6.9 is an excerpt from

Jefferson’s letter. How does he suggest that America could, once and for all,

secure its independence?

On June 18, 1812, the United States officially declared war on

Britain. In his proclamation released the next day, shown in Figure 6.8,

President Madison mentions love of country as a motivating force.

THE CALL FOR WAR

Expanding American settlement farther and farther west was a priority

for many American politicians throughout the 1800s. Many Americans

viewed the takeover of North America as not only their duty, but also their

right. They believed it was their mission to spread American culture and

“civilization” throughout as much of the continent as possible. For some,

this mission had a religious connection. Examine Figure 6.5. The angelic

figure represents the spirit of America, leading settlers westward and driving

First Nations peoples off their land.

WAR HAWKS

Several American politicians under President James Madison, Thomas

Jefferson’s successor, supported a war with Britain. They were concerned

about Britain’s interference in American shipping and

exports. They were also concerned about Britain’s challenge

to westward expansion.

Nicknamed War Hawks because of their demand for

armed conflict, these politicians pressured President

Madison to take action. One particularly vocal War Hawk

was Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky. Read the excerpt from

one of his speeches in Figure 6.6. What reasons does Clay

give for supporting a war with Britain?

FIGURE 6.6 This excerpt is from a speech delivered to

Congress by Clay on February 22, 1810. Analyze: What

does Clay mean by “extinguish the torch that lights up

savage warfare”?

FIGURE 6.9 This excerpt is from a

letter written by Jefferson to Duane

on August 4, 1812. Analyze: What

threat did Jefferson think Upper

and Lower Canada would pose to

the United States?

FIGURE 6.7 Calhoun delivered

this statement in March 1812, three

months before the United States

declared war. Analyze: How are

the statements in Figures 6.6 and

6.7 similar?

FIGURE 6.8 President Madison issued this

proclamation of war against Britain on June 19, 1812.

Analyze: What do you think the terms of a “just, and an

honourable peace” would be for the American people?

“The conquest of Canada is in

your power.... Is it nothing to the British

nation—is it nothing to the pride of her

monarch to have the last of the immense

North American possessions wrested

[taken] from his dominion [control]? Is it

nothing to us to extinguish the torch that

lights up savage warfare? Is it nothing to

acquire the entire fur trade connected

with that country?”

— Senator Henry Clay

“I see, as you do, the difficulties & defects we have to

encounter in war, and should expect disasters ... but the weakness of

our enemy there will make our first errors innocent.... The acquisition

[capture] of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Québec, will

be a mere matter of marching, and will give us experience for the attack

of Halifax the next, and the final expulsion of England from the

American continent.”

— Thomas Jefferson, former American president

“I believe that in four weeks from the time a declaration of

war is heard on our frontier, the whole of Upper Canada and a part of

Lower Canada will be in our power.”

— Congressman John C. Calhoun

And I do moreover exhort [urge] all the good people

of the United States, as they love their country ... that

they exert themselves in preserving order, in promoting

concord [harmony], in maintaining the authority and the

efficacy of the laws, and in supporting and invigorating all

the measures which may be adopted by the Constituted

Authorities, for obtaining a speedy, just, and an

honourable peace.

FIGURE 6.5 This 1872 painting by

John Gast is entitled American

Progress and represents American

ideas of expansion into the West.

Analyze: What symbols in this

painting represent American ways

of life?

How might

America’s idea of

westward expansion

affect future relations

with Canada?

170 UNIT 2: Conflicts and Challenges in Canada: 1800–1850 NEL NEL CHAPTER 6: The War of 1812 171

MAKING CONNECTIONS

1. How does archaeological evidence provide a more

complete understanding of the past than just

written or oral evidence alone?

2. What fields of study would help prepare someone

for a career in underwater archaeology?

We can learn a lot about past events by examining

primary sources, such as the diary entry by

Anne Prevost and the quote from Jacob Cline.

We can also learn about past events by studying

historical sites. Archaeology is the study of history

through the excavation of sites and the analysis of

artifacts and other physical remains.

Jonathan Moore, shown in Figure 6.13, is an

underwater archaeologist with Parks Canada. He

has a particular interest in the War of 1812. He and

his team aim to protect “those parts of Canada’s

history found underwater.” Many of the battles in

the War of 1812 were fought on the water. Sunken

ships still remain at the battle sites.

Moore has been interested in archaeology since

he was very young. At 14, he began archaeological

work through school programs. He participated in

excavations throughout high school and learned

how to scuba dive in university. He now spends half

of the year conducting “diving fieldwork” all around

Canada. He spends the other half of the year in his

Ottawa office, researching sites and writing reports,

to prepare for the next fieldwork season.

Recently, Moore led an underwater survey of

two American warships, USS Hamilton and USS

Scourge, both of which sank in Lake Ontario on

August 8, 1813. These wrecks are well preserved

at the bottom of the lake and were accessed by

remotely operated vehicles. According to Moore,

the survey was “like stepping back in time.” The

intact hulls of the ships contain a treasure trove of

artifacts, such as cannons, that provide historians

with evidence to help them understand the past.

HISTORY AT WORK UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGIST

1. CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE What reasons did the

United States have for declaring war on Britain

in 1812?

2. COMMUNICATE Identify what you think was the

primary cause of the War of 1812. Debate your

choice in a small group to reach an agreement.

3. INTERPRET AND ANALYZE How do you think the

War of 1812 could have been avoided?

4. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE For whom do you

think the outbreak of the War of 1812 was most

relevant: the Americans, the British, First Nations,

or Canadians? Why?

CHECK-IN

CANADIAN EXPECTATIONS

The Americans were very confident that they would easily win the war.

They did not consider that people in Upper and Lower Canada would

stand up to them. Examine the words of the young British colonists in

Figures 6.11 and 6.12. How do their perspectives compare with those of the

American politicians in Figures 6.6, 6.7, and 6.9?

REACTIONS IN UPPER AND

LOWER CANADA

People in Upper and Lower Canada could sense that dangerous times

were ahead. The Americans had fought for their independence from

Britain in the American Revolution, but the American settlers in

Upper and Lower Canada were mostly content to remain loyal to the

British Crown.

However, within days of President Madison’s declaration of war

with Britain, the police in Québec City issued the notice shown in

Figure 6.10, advising all American citizens to leave or face arrest. Under

what circumstances do you think a notice like this could be issued in

Canada today?

FIGURE 6.10 This notice, issued on June 29, 1812, indicates that

American citizens are no longer welcome in Québec City. Analyze:

What impact do you think this notice had on families and communities?

Notice is hereby given, that all Subjects or Citizens of the

said United States, and all persons claiming American

Citizenship, are ordered to quit the City of Québec ... on

pain of arrest.

FIGURE 6.11 Prevost was 17 years old when she wrote this entry in her

diary on June 25, 1812. Analyze: What are Prevost’s feelings toward the

United States?

FIGURE 6.12 Cline was only 13 years old when he

stood up to the invading American soldiers in 1813.

Analyze: Why might a young colonist stand up to the

American soldiers?

“On this day I saw nothing before me but my

Father’s honour and glory. Although I knew how small

a force we had to defend the Canadas, such was my

confidence in his talents and fortune, that I did not feel

the slightest apprehension [uneasiness] of any reverse. I

thought those abominable [morally disgusting] Yankees

deserved a good drubbing [beating] for having dared to

think of going to War with England.”

— Anne Prevost, daughter of Sir George Prevost,

commander-in-chief of Canada and commander of the

British forces in North America

“The Americans were in high

spirits, and when I said I was Canadian,

one of the officers laughed and said,

‘You’ll soon be under the Yankey

government, my boy.’ I was sassy, like

most boys of my age, and I said, ‘I’m not

so sure about that.’”

— Jacob Cline, British colonist

FIGURE 6.13 Jonathan Moore, taking part in diving fieldwork.

172 UNIT 2: Conflicts and Challenges in Canada: 1800–1850 NEL NEL CHAPTER 6: The War of 1812 173

The War of 1812 was fought on land and on water. However, the United

States was at a disadvantage at sea. Britain had one of the largest and most

impressive naval forces in the world. Because of this, the Americans needed

to find another way to launch their attacks against British forces. They

decided to focus on the colonies in Canada.

THE AMERICANS SEND A WARNING

Brigadier General William Hull was a high-ranking officer in the American

military during the War of 1812. On July 12, 1812, he issued a proclamation

to the colonists in Upper Canada. Read an excerpt from his proclamation

in Figure 6.14. Like many Americans, Hull believed that the colonists

in Upper Canada would not resist the American invasion, because the

Americans would free and protect the colonists from British control. At the

same time, he warned the colonists against joining the British soldiers in

fighting against the Americans.

NEW BRITISH MILITARY STRATEGY

Major-General Sir Isaac Brock was a British military commander in

Upper Canada during the War of 1812. Strengthening Upper Canada’s

defences was Brock’s first priority. Read the quote in Figure 6.15. It is an

excerpt from a letter Brock wrote to Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Baynes,

four months before the Americans declared war. Baynes was the assistant

to Commander-in-Chief Sir George Prevost. What is Brock’s main message

to Baynes?

Brock believed that the only way that Upper Canada could defend itself

from an American invasion was to control Michilimackinac, an island in

present-day northern Michigan. As you learned in Chapter 3, this was the

location of a battle between First Nations and the British in 1763. Brock

believed that controlling the island meant controlling the Upper Great

Lakes. This would fend off an American invasion. Brock was right. A large

group of 400 First Nations warriors, 200 fur traders, and 46 British officers

gathered together as a show of British force. When they reached the island,

the American commander was offered a chance to surrender before a full-

on attack. He accepted. When Hull learned of this victory, he abandoned

his invasion of Upper Canada and retreated to Detroit. Figure 6.16 shows

British troops and their allies preparing for battle. How would you feel if a

window in your home overlooked this scene?

FIGURE 6.14 This excerpt is from Hull’s proclamation to Canadians on July 12, 1812, in

Sandwich (present-day Windsor), Upper Canada. Analyze: How do you think the Loyalists felt

about the invasion and proclamation?

FIGURE 6.15 This excerpt is from a

letter written by Brock to Baynes

on February 12, 1812. Analyze:

Why does Brock believe that most

of the country would need to

be evacuated? FIGURE 6.16 This 1997 painting by Keith Rocco, entitled British Troops at Michilimackinac,

shows the rallying of British troops at Michilimackinac on July 17, 1812. Analyze: What evidence

do you see in this painting that places the British at an advantage?

“Inhabitants of Canada!

After thirty years of peace and prosperity, the United States have been

driven to arms. The injuries and aggressions, the insults and indignities

of Great Britain have once more left no alternative but manly resistance

or unconditional submission. The army under my command has invaded

your country; the standard of the Union [the American flag] now waves

over the territory of Canada. To the peaceful unoffending inhabitants, it

brings neither danger nor difficulty. I come to find enemies, not to make

them; I come to protect, not to injure you ... I have a force which will

break down all opposition, and that force is but the vanguard of a much

greater—If, contrary to your own interest, and the just expectations of

my country, you should take part in the approaching contest, you will

be considered and treated as enemies, and the horrors and calamities of

war will stalk before you.”

— Brigadier General William Hull

“I set out with

declaring my full

conviction, that

unless Detroit and

Michilimackinac be

both in our possession

immediately at the

commencement of

hostilities, not only the

district of Amherstburg,

but most probably the

whole country as far

as Kingston, must be

evacuated.”

— Major-General

Sir Isaac Brock

If you were

Hull, how would you

have communicated

to the Canadians to

persuade them to join

the American side in the

fight against

the British?

174 UNIT 2: Conflicts and Challenges in Canada: 1800–1850 NEL NEL CHAPTER 6: The War of 1812 175

Battle of Lundy’s Lane

July 25, 1814

Siege of Fort Erie

August 13, 1814

KEY EVENTS IN THE WAR OF 1812

Most of the battles in the War of 1812 took place in

Upper and Lower Canada. The people in Upper Canada

suffered the most because many key battles were fought

on their soil, as the map and photos in Figure 6.17 show.

In total, there were over 170 battles, raids, skirmishes

(unplanned fighting between small armies or fleets), and

campaigns (series of military operations) during the War of

1812. Figure 6.18 shows a timeline of some of the important

events from the start of the war to its end in January 1815.

FIGURE 6.18 This timeline shows several significant battles and events from the War of 1812.

American victories are in blue, British victories are in red, and events are shown in black.

Analyze: What do you notice about the progression of the war?

1807 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815

Siege of

Detroit

Battle

of York

Battle of

Tippecanoe

Battle of

Lake Erie

Battle of the Thames

Battle of

Crysler’s

Farm

Burning of

Washington, D.C.

Battle of

Plattsburgh

Battle of

Lundy’s Lane

Battle of

Châteauguay

Battle of

Queenston Heights

Siege of

Fort Erie

Battle of

Beaver

Dams

LOWER CANADA UPPER

CANADA

ATLANTIC

OCEAN Lake Erie

Lake

Huron

Lake

Superior

Lake Ontario

Lake Michigan

Chesapeake

Bay

St. Lawrence River

0 90 km

British victory

American victory

unclear victory

British territory

American territory

present-day Canada

and United States

border

u02-c06-f01-his7sb

Crowle Art Group

4th pass

History 7 SB

0-17-671053-1

Pass

Approved

Not Approved

Battle of Plattsburgh

September 11, 1814

Battle of Lake Erie

September 10, 1813

Battle of Tippecanoe

November 7, 1811

Battle of York

April 27, 1813

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814

Battle of Châteauguay

October 26, 1813

Declaration of War

June 18, 1812

Creation of

Coloured Corps

August 1812

Battle of New Orleans

January 8, 1815

Battle of the Thames (Moraviantown)

October 5, 1813

Burning of

Washington, D.C.

August 24, 1814

Battle of Crysler’s Farm

November 11, 1813

Battle of Beaver Dams

June 24, 1813

Battle of

Queenston Heights

October 13, 1812

Siege of Detroit

August 16, 1812

Chesapeake–Leopard Affair

June 22, 1807

Select Battles from the War of 1812

FIGURE 6.17 To this day, we still see many monuments

in commemoration of the War of 1812. Cities like

Toronto have been built around the war’s historic

remains. Analyze: What do these photos tell you about

the importance of the War of 1812? Why are memorials

such as these important today?

Battle of Crysler’s Farm

Battle of York

Battle of Beaver Dams Battle of Queenston Heights

176 UNIT 2: Conflicts and Challenges in Canada: 1800–1850 NEL NEL CHAPTER 6: The War of 1812 177

A story map uses a combination of words and multimedia, such as photos

and videos, to tell a story. A story map might be suitable to document

and describe places you have visited, damage caused by natural disasters,

current world affairs, or historical events, such as major battles in a war.

You can make a story map using online mapping technologies, such as

ArcGIS Online. In the following activity,

you will choose a battle from the War

of 1812 and use ArcGIS Online to create

a story map about this battle. You

can choose one of the battles listed in

Figure 6.19 (referenced in the timeline on

pages 176 and 177) or another battle that

interests you. You will gather primary and

secondary sources to help you document

and describe your chosen battle in your

story map.

A STORY MAP

CREATING SIGNIFICANT BATTLES IN THE WAR OF 1812

The British, Americans, and allies from both sides, which included First Nations,

fought to gain or defend territories. What were the human costs of this two-

and-a-half-year war? There is no way to know exactly. Official records are vague.

Thousands were killed in the battles and thousands more were killed due to

diseases and other factors stemming from the battles. Some sources estimate

a total of about 35 000 British soldiers, American soldiers, and First Nations

warriors died in battle and from other causes related to the War of 1812.

The following are some of the key battles that took place during the

War of 1812.

At the outset of the war, the Americans focused on Detroit

as a key location from which to invade Upper Canada. Detroit

lay between the British forces and their First Nations allies. By

setting up camp in Detroit, the Americans hoped to interrupt

communications between the British and their allies.

Hull’s strategy of scaring colonists in Upper Canada into

surrendering to the Americans (see Figure 6.14) did not work. In

August 1812, under the leadership of Brock, a few hundred soldiers

from Britain, British colonists from Upper and Lower Canada and

the Maritimes, and First Nations allies, crossed the Detroit River

to attack. Hull’s 2500 troops vastly outnumbered Brock’s forces.

Despite this, the Americans believed Brock’s forces were much

larger than they actually were. Hull surrendered after heavy fire

from British ships along the Detroit River. Figure 6.20 shows the

important role of the navy in the British victory.

This early win for the British helped to solidify alliances

between the British and First Nations, especially between Brock

and Tecumseh.

The Siege of Detroit

FIGURE 6.20 The Bombardment of Fort Detroit, 1812

was painted in 1997 by artist Peter Rindlisbacher.

Rindlisbacher is known for his historically accurate

portrayals of naval battles. Analyze: How do you think

fighting a battle on the water differs from fighting

on land?

The Americans considered Niagara in Upper Canada another

strategic place to launch an invasion. If they conquered Niagara,

they could cut off British access to Detroit.

The Americans invaded the town of Queenston in Niagara

on October 13, 1812. Brock was awakened by the sound of guns

being fired. He did not have the forces he needed to deal with

such an invasion, but he gathered a small number of troops. As

he led the troops up the hill (called the Heights), Brock was shot

in the chest and killed. His troops withdrew. A few hours later,

with a new major-general in place, more British troops arrived,

along with Haudenosaunee Six Nations and Delaware warriors.

The American forces were reduced when some members of the

American militia, who were not strong supporters of the war,

refused to fight on the Canadian side of the border. Figure 6.21

shows the American forces crossing the Niagara River and

scrambling up the embankment. British troops are assembled at

the top of the hill, ready to face their attackers. The British won

this battle, giving them a significant victory.

The Battle of Queenston Heights

FIGURE 6.21 This is a colourized image of an 1836

painting entitled The Battle of Queenston Heights. The

original artist is unknown. Analyze: How does seeing

this depiction of the battle help you to understand how

the British won the battle?

STEP 1

STEP 3

STEP 5

STEP 2

STEP 4

STEP 6

Choose a battle from the War of 1812. Research

information about the battle. Then decide what

you would like to document in your story map and

develop a plan. For example, you could include

a list of key dates and locations leading up to

the battle, the names of important people, and

the perspectives of different people and groups

involved in the battle.

Start ArcGIS Online. Click on Map on the top

toolbar to open the ArcGIS Online map viewer. Use

the search box or zoom in to focus your map on

the area of the battle. Choose a suitable basemap,

such as the National Geographic basemap.

Save your map. Give your map a title and

appropriate tags.

Gather primary and secondary sources to include

in your story map. You could include images of

people, places, or artifacts from the battle, quotes

from people involved in or affected by the battle, or

links to modern-day connections.

Add key locations and data to your map using

Add Map Notes. You could add points to show

the location of the battle and the locations of

key events leading up to it. You could also add

descriptions and images from your primary and

secondary sources, as well as website links.

Click Share. You can now create your story map by

clicking the Create a Web App button and using

the Story Map Tour template. Create your story

map, and share it with your classmates.

HOW TO CREATE A STORY MAP

Battle Location Coordinates

Siege of Detroit Detroit, Michigan 42.33°N, 83.05°W

Battle of Queenston

Heights

Niagara-on-the-Lake,

Ontario

43.26°N, 79.07°W

Battle of York Toronto, Ontario 43.70°N, 79.40°W

Battle of Châteauguay Très-Saint-Sacrement,

Québec

43.70°N, 79.40°W

Battle of Lundy’s Lane Niagara Falls, Ontario 43.12°N, 79.07°W

Siege of Fort Erie Fort Erie, Ontario 42.92°N, 79.02°W

Burning of

Washington

Washington, District

of Columbia

38.91°N, 77.02°W

FIGURE 6.19 This table lists some

of the War of 1812’s important

battles, and their present-day

location and coordinates.

178 UNIT 2: Conflicts and Challenges in Canada: 1800–1850 NEL NEL CHAPTER 6: The War of 1812 179

1. CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE What were some

intended and unintended consequences of

some of the significant battles in Upper and

Lower Canada?

2. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE Which battle do you

think was most significant, and why? What

criteria did you use to come to this conclusion?

3. COMMUNICATE Choose a battle from pages 179 to

181. Imagine you are a journalist reporting from

the front lines of that battle. Create a news report

covering the significant events of the battle.

Remember to include a headline and answer the

5Ws in your report.

CHECK-IN

York (present-day Toronto) was the capital of

Upper Canada. Its location was strategic since

it was a site where weapons and gunpowder

were stored. It also had a massive ship—

HMS Sir Isaac Brock—under construction. The

Americans thought that control of this ship

would mean control of the Great Lakes.

Approximately 1700 American troops and

a fleet of ships attacked York on April 27, 1813.

The Americans beat the British and a group

of Ojibwe and Mississauga warriors. They took

the town, Fort York, and the dockyard. As

the British retreated, however, they set off an

explosion. The explosion blew up much of the

fort and caused many deaths and casualties

on both sides. The British also burnt HMS Sir

Isaac Brock to prevent the Americans from

capturing it.

In August 1814, the British retaliated for

the loss of York. They attacked Washington,

the capital of the United States. The British

set fire to the White House, the Capitol

building that held the Library of Congress, the

treasury building, and the navy yard. When

the fires were put out the next day, only one

government building was left standing.

Figure 6.22 depicts the burning of

the White House. Why would this be an

important building for the British to destroy?

The Americans planned to invade Montréal

and cut off British supply ties between

Montréal and Kingston. Their goal was to

hinder British war efforts in Upper Canada.

However, leadership and communication

were poor on the American side. Although

American forces outnumbered the British by

about eight times, they overestimated how

large the British forces were.

The Battle of Châteauguay, shown in

Figure 6.23, happened on October 26, 1813.

The British forces in Lower Canada consisted

of British soldiers, Canadian Voltigeurs

(largely French-speaking soldiers from

Québec), local militia, and Mohawk, Huron,

and Abenaki warriors. The British blew

horns in the woods as a tactic to trick

the Americans into thinking they were

outnumbered. The Americans were fooled

and retreated. Montréal remained under

British control. Of greater significance was

that soldiers from both Upper Canada and

Lower Canada joined forces in the battle.

This meant that, for the first time in North

America, the French and the English fought

alongside each other.

The Battle of York and the Burning of Washington, D.C.

The Battle of Châteauguay

FIGURE 6.22 This image, entitled The Burning of the White House, 1814,

was created by Tom Freeman in 2004. Analyze: How do you think both

the British and the Americans felt as they watched the White House burn?

FIGURE 6.23 This image, entitled Bataille de Châteauguay, 1813, was

created by Henri Julien around 1884. Analyze: Would a colourized version

of this image enhance your understanding of the Battle of Châteauguay?

Why, or why not?

In the darkness of July 25, 1814, the Battle of Lundy’s Lane began. Examine

Figure 6.24. What does it tell you about this battle that took place near

Niagara Falls? The lack of light led to much confusion on the battlefield. Both the

British and the Americans accidentally killed some of their own men. The Americans

withdrew and decided to build their defences at Fort Erie.

The British forces attacked Fort Erie on August 13, 1814. Their goal was to

lay siege to the fort and force the Americans out of their defensive stronghold.

Haudenosaunee Six Nations, Ojibwe, Mississauga, Odawa, Wyandot, and Delaware

warriors fought alongside the British. Despite intense fighting, the British and their

allies were unable to defeat the Americans and withdrew on September 21.

The Americans later decided to abandon the fort due to a shortage of supplies.

They retreated across the Niagara River to American territory in Buffalo. Before

leaving on November 5, 1814, they blew up the fort so that the British could not

use it.

Because both the Americans and the British retreated, there was no clear winner

in the battle. The British claimed victory from Lundy’s Lane and the Americans

claimed victory from Fort Erie.

The Battle of Lundy’s Lane and the Siege of Fort Erie

FIGURE 6.24 This colourized

image of an 1859 painting entitled

Lundy’s Lane by Alonzo Chappel

depicts the Battle of Lundy’s Lane

on July 25, 1814. Analyze: Does

this painting support the view that

there was no winning side in this

battle? Why, or why not?

180 UNIT 2: Conflicts and Challenges in Canada: 1800–1850 NEL NEL CHAPTER 6: The War of 1812 181

ome people are Canadian citizens because they were born here. Many people born in other countries become citizens through the Government of Canada's citizenship program. Applicants must be prepared to take an oath of citizenship as a demonstration of loyalty. An oath is a formal promise. Here is the oath they must take:

I swear (or affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Canada and fulfil my duties as a

Canadian citizen.

In earlier chapters, you learned about the importance of the monarchy in the period when the Loyalists were active. In the War of 1812, British North Americans again fought to defend against the threat of being taken over by the United States, choosing to remain under the monarch. As today's oath of citizenship shows, the defenders of the monarchy were successful. This is another example of how the history of that period affects us today.

New Canadians take their Oath of Citizenship at the Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Québec,

What You Will Learn in This Chapter

Why did the War of 1812 occur?

Who were some of the key people of the period?

• What were the outcomes of the major battles of the war?

•

How did the war affect the development of Upper Canada?

Causes

People

War of 1812

Battles

Effects

Thinking About LITERACY

You have already seen that asking questions can help you understand what you are reading.

The next few pages have questions and comments written in the margins to show you how to "talk to the text." You do not need to answer the questions. They are there as examples.

This type of questioning and commenting allows you to make meaning of what you are reading. You can ask questions at points where you don't understand something or where you might wonder something, such as why the author uses a specific example. After we have started you with examples, write your own comments or questions.

You can use an organizer like the one shown here to record your questions and comments.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812 H 109

The Causes of the War of 1812

During

READING

Checkpoint

Why does the author remind us

about the American Revolution?

The revolution must have some

connection to what we are reading.

WORDS MATTER

long-term causes causes that have existed for a while

immediate causes causes that happen just before an event

Napoleonic Wars the struggles that occurred between Britain and France during Napoleon's

rule

Britain and the United States had fought a war, the American Revolution, only 30 years earlier. But in 1812 they went to war again. As in the previous war, Upper and Lower Canada were drawn in with them.

Long-Term Causes in Europe

Historians look at two kinds of causes when trying to show why a historical event happened. There are long-term causes-factors that have been in play for a while before an event. Then there are immediate causes-things that happen just before an event, setting the event in motion. Think of it this way: an extended drought and a hotter summer than usual could be the long-term causes of a forest fire. A lightning strike hitting a dry tree would be an immediate cause.

The long-term causes of the War of 1812 lie in Europe. In 1799, Britain and France went to war. The French ruler Napoleon Bonaparte was trying to challenge Britain's position as the leading military power in the world. The struggles between the two nations are called the Napoleonic Wars. They lasted until 1815.

France had suffered a great defeat in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) when it lost New France to Britain. France had its revenge by assisting the American colonies to gain their independence from Britain in 1783. But now Napoleon wanted to make France the number one power in the world again. The two nations fought a number of important battles in Europe.

France and Britain tried to weaken each other by disrupting trade. Using blockades and forced inspections of ships, France tried to prevent Britain from trading with other countries, and Britain. did the same with France. Other countries in Europe were drawn into the struggle.

These trade wars had a negative impact on the young United States, which had a lot of merchant ships. Long-term causes soon blended with immediate ones.

H 110 Unit 2: British North America

Napoléon Bonaparte, shown here in a famous 1801 painting by Jacques-Louis David, was Emperor of France from 1804 to 1814.

WEB LINK

For more information on the War of 1812, visit www.pearsoned.ca/on/history.

Immediate Causes in North America

There were a number of immediate causes, which will be dealt

with in turn.

British Interference with American Merchant Ships Britain knew that many Americans supported the French during the Napoleonic Wars. So British warships made a point of stopping American merchant ships to inspect them. In some cases, they found British seamen on board. The British captured them and forced them to work on British warships. This practice is called impressment, and was legal if the sailors were British deserters. However, this was not always the case, and regardless, impressment was a violation of American sovereignty. They protested loudly, but the British ignored American complaints.

READING

During

Checkpoint

I wonder why the British used

impressment.

WORDS MATTER

impressment being captured and forced to serve in the armed forces

Chapter 6: The War of 1812 H 111

During

READING

Checkpoint

Start your own talking to the text here, adding at least two or three comments or questions for each page.

H 112 Unit 2: British North America

Representatives of the British Royal Navy

capture a British seaman working on a United States ship.

American Expansion into the Northwest

The Treaty of Paris, in 1783, had given the Ohio Valley to the United States. But it also required the Americans to respect treaties already signed with First Nations. When American settlers began to move into the region in large numbers, the First Nations objected that they were losing many traditional areas to the settlers. The treaties were being ignored, the First Nations said. They appealed to the British for assistance. The British feared that if they did nothing, the Americans would become bolder. They might even start to advance into Upper Canada.

Fur Trade Officials in the First Nations Territories

The United States said that British fur trade officials in the Great Lakes area were encouraging First Nations claims. The First Nations were making false reports about American settlers, the United States said. Also, they said, the British were supplying the First Nations with arms with which to attack American settlers. If this didn't stop, the United States government claimed it would be forced into action to prevent a war between the First Nations and the settlers.

Accusations about providing guns to First Nations were part of the cause of the War of 1812.

American Jingoism

Jingoism means aggressive talk and opinions that justify military action. American politicians talked a lot of jingoism at this time. The jingoists spread propaganda saying that American troops should invade Upper and Lower Canada to protect the United States. They also said that American troops would be welcomed there because British North Americans were unhappy under the monarchy, and would welcome being freed by the Americans. Thomas Jefferson, a retired president of the United States, said that capturing British North America was "a mere matter of marching."

THINKING It Over

1. Imagine that there have been several

accidents in front of your school in recent weeks. Work with a partner to brainstorm possible reasons. Divide them into long-term and immediate causes. t

WORDS MATTER

jingoism aggressive talk

and opinions that favour war

2. How were the First Nations peoples involved in

the struggle between the British and the Americans? Which side do you think they wanted to see as the winner? Why? k

Chapter 6: The War of 1812 H 113

The Major Battles of the War of 1812

In June 1812, the United States declared war on Britain. The Americans seemed to have some important advantages. Britain had a much larger navy, but most of its ships were in Europe. The American army had superior numbers, and Britain had a massive territory to defend. The distance from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to present-day Sarnia, at the southern tip of Lake Huron, is about 2000 kilometres. But there were only 10 000 regular British troops available to defend the whole area. Local volunteers would be necessary to defend British North America.

The War of 1812 was fought in numerous land battles and skirmishes, as well as naval battles on the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic coast. It might seem that the small colonies of Upper and Lower Canada had little chance to hold back the United States,

but sometimes all it takes is a strong leader to change the tides of war. In fact, there were two strong leaders for the British colonies: Sir Isaac Brock, a British officer, and Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief.

War of 1812 Battle Sites

READING

During

Checkpoint

Add some of the battle locations

to your map.

H 114 Unit 2: British North America

Lake

Huron

LOWER CANADA

Montréal

Crysler's Farm X

UPPER CANADA

X York

Lake Ontario

Stoney Creek X.

Beaver Dams

Queenston Heights

Detroit

Lundy's Lane

Lake Erie

X Major battle

100

200 km

UNITED STATES

OF AMERICA

X. Plattsburgh

Lake

Champlain

Hudson River

New York

Baltimore Xe

ATLANTIC

Washington D.C.X

OCEAN

Early in the war, Brock commanded British forces in Upper Canada. With his chief ally, Tecumseh, he planned to stop the Americans before they could get a good start. He felt that capturing a series of western forts from the Americans would stop them from entering the colony from the west. With his First Nations allies, he set out to act on his plan. The first attack occurred at the American Fort Michilimackinac on Mackinac Island. It occurred only a few weeks after the war had begun, and the American commander was unprepared as he was not yet aware that hostilities had started. A joint British and First Nations army forced him to surrender without a shot being fired. The American garrison at Fort Wayne evacuated to go to Fort Dearborn (Chicago). A large First Nations force ambushed them, killing many.

Detroit

With these easy victories, First Nations and British forces now descended on Detroit. Brock and Tecumseh, with a force of only 400 soldiers (100 regulars and 300 militia) and 600 First Nations warriors, prepared to

fight General Hull's force

of more than 2500

soldiers who were inside

the fort at Detroit.

Undeterred by these disadvantages, Brock began a series of ruses designed to strike fear

into the hearts of the

Americans. He dressed

the militia in extra

scarlet uniforms to make

them look like regulars. He had each man build

his own cooking fire (instead of several men sharing a fire as they usually did) and had the soldiers march around

the fort, in and out of the trees over and over again to make it seem like

Darley

This 1800s engraving shows U.S. General William Hull deciding to surrender to the British at Fort Detroit in August, 1812.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812

H 115

there were thousands rather than hundreds. Tecumseh did the same with his warriors, stopping frequently to yell out battle cries. designed to frighten the Americans. Hull was aware of the terrible

losses at Fort Dearborn and feared for the lives of his soldiers and

their families.

Faking an attack on the fort, Brock forced Hull to run up the white flag of surrender. With this victory came 33 guns, 2500 muskets, and many supplies needed to outfit the Canadian defences. These acts secured the west and allowed for the defence of other parts of Upper and Lower Canada.

Queenston Heights

One of the most famous battles of the war was fought not far from Niagara-on-the-Lake. In October 1812, invading American troops rowed across the Niagara River from New York State into Upper Canada. At Queenston, they captured the high ground where the British had been firing down at the river. Major-General Brock rushed to the attack, gathering a small force to push back the American force. A sniper struck Brock as he led his troops in the attack. He died almost instantly, but his attack slowed the Americans just enough to allow other British forces to advance. The Americans were pushed back over the river. A battle was won

and a leader was lost.

Brock's Monument, Queenston Heights, Ontario.

C.W. Jefferys depicts the death of General Brock at the Battle of Queenston Heights, Ontario in this 1908 painting.

H 116 Unit 2: British North America

It was a decisive victory for the British and Upper Canadian side, which included warriors of the Six Nations. They took almost 1000 American prisoners, while their own losses were small. But the death of Brock was a tremendous loss. He is still regarded as a war hero. There is an impressive monument to him near Niagara Falls, Ontario.

York (Toronto)

In April 1813, fourteen American ships with 1700 soldiers aboard sailed across Lake Ontario and defeated the small British garrison at York. Though this amphibious force stayed only a few days before burning the town and sailing back home, the battle did show that American forces could successfully attack the heart of Upper Canada.

Stoney Creek

On June 6, 1813, American forces were in Upper Canada near Stoney Creek. Several British regiments made a night attack trying to surprise the larger American force. This surprise was only partially successful. In the dark, the British soldiers missed the main American camp. In the confusion that followed, many British and American soldiers died. Finally, the Americans decided to retreat to the American side of the Niagara River, leaving the field in the command of the British. It was hailed as a great victory for colonial forces.

Beaver Dams (Thorold)

June 24, 1813, saw 550

Americans under

Lieutenant-Colonel

Charles Boerstler camping out at Queenston. The commander and his

officers were stationed

at the inn owned by James and Laura Secord.

She overheard Boerstler's plans for attack. She travelled on foot to tell British Colonel Fitzgibbon the news. He prepared to

meet the attack at

Beaver Dams.

Three veterans of the War of 1812, left to right: John Smoke Johnson, Jacob Warner, and John Tutlee. Jacob Warner and John Tutlee were with the First Nations allies who encountered Laura Secord and took her to Lieutenant Fitzgibbon to deliver her warning.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812 H 117

Burning of the White House.

H 118 Unit 2: British North America

Fitzgibbon's force of 80 soldiers and 250 Kahnawake Mohawk warriors waited in ambush for the Americans. Boerstler's main

force moved forward and was caught in a furious crossfire. Boerstler was wounded and the Mohawks surrounded them. In

the heat of battle, Fitzgibbon stepped forward and offered to protect the Americans from the grip of the Mohawks if they would surrender. The entire force laid down their arms, and the

battle was over.

Crysler's Farm

In November 1813, more than 13 000 American soldiers began an advance down the St. Lawrence River toward Montréal. Between

the Americans and the city was a combined force of British soldiers, militia, and First Nations totalling about 900. This small force set up a defence at Crysler's Farm, blocking the path of the oncoming army. On November 11, about 2000 Americans attacked. The British forces held firm, pouring volleys of fire into the advancing Americans. Finally the Americans retreated across the border. The advance on Montréal was stopped.

Lundy's Lane

In the afternoon of July 25, 1814, a force of 1500 Americans under

General Scott attacked a British force of about 1700. It was a hard-

fought battle that lasted well into the night. In the end, each side lost more than 800 men, but the American army retreated, never to invade Canada again. This battle had the heaviest casualties of any in Canadian history on Canadian soil. Fortunately, the war was near its end, and battles like this were soon over.

Washington and Baltimore

In retaliation for Americans burning towns in Upper Canada, the British forces attacked and burned Washington in August 1814. Government buildings, including the White House, were destroyed. They then attempted to do the same in Baltimore. There, several British ships shelled Fort McHenry, which protected the Baltimore harbour. The British "bombs bursting in air" and the Congreve "rockets' red glare" led poet Francis Scott Key to pen what would become the American national anthem.

Within months, the War of 1812 ended. The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814.

Conditions in the Military

Many of the people you read about in history were rich and

powerful. But history is not just their story. One of the things that historians do is to examine the lives of ordinary people, to see how they have changed over time.

Of all the groups in British North America in the early 1800s, ordinary soldiers experienced some of the worst conditions. In fact, it was at times difficult for the army to find volunteers willing to fight. This was because life in the military was dangerous, unhealthy, and poorly paid.

Conditions Were Dangerous

The life of a soldier in wartime is, obviously, dangerous. The regular soldiers in the British army were well trained because they were year-round soldiers. But things were different for soldiers in the many militia regiments. The militia was made up of local volunteers who trained and served on a part-time basis. This made their lives especially dangerous. Some militia officers had fought in the American Revolutionary War (1776-1783). Beyond that, few militia soldiers had any experience of warfare. Militia training was limited, and supplies were poor. As a result, casualty rates were high.

Conditions Were Unhealthy

The armies fought all year round and in all types of weather. Because roads were in poor condition, it was difficult to get supplies to the troops. They often lacked tents and other basic equipment to shelter against the weather. Even food was often in short supply. The soldiers' health often deteriorated, and they

WORDS MATTER

militia military regiments made up of local volunteers who trained and served on a part-time basis

The soldier's barracks at Fort Henry, in Kingston, Ontario. Fort Henry is a historic site where visitors can see what life was like for soldiers around the time of the War of 1812.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812

H 119

WORDS MATTER

desertion a soldier running away from the armed forces

became vulnerable to disease. Colds and flu were common, and sick lists-soldiers unfit for duty-grew long. Conditions were so

horrible that desertion became common. This was a serious

crime. If deserters were caught, they could be executed by hanging.

Soldiers Were Poorly Paid

Militia members could be ruined by the war. They had to leave their homes to fight with their regiment. This often left their homes undefended and sitting targets for enemy troops. They might come back home at the end of the war to find their homes and their families destroyed. And they certainly didn't join up for the money. Private soldiers were paid about 16 cents a day.

Work with Evidence

The Soldier's Life

Read the following extracts from documents written at the time. Rewrite them in your own words, and explain how each one adds to your understanding of what life was like in the war.

1. I have furnished barracks for one hundred and twenty men and they are all on the spot, including the Rifle Company now on duty here. And all are in the greatest want of almost every necessary. And I have this day received a letter from Col. Vincent referring me to you for stoves, blankets, etc. and I must observe that we are in as great want of shoes, pantaloons, jackets, and

watch coats for the Guard.

(Extract from an original letter from Colonel Joel Stone to Colonel Lethbridge, October 25, 1812, Archives of Ontario.)

2. Give me leave Sir to remark the duty I owe to my fellow creatures and as a true patriot to my country to remind you at the certain calamity that must befall us if the

Militia are thus continued to be cawled

[called] from their families. If they are

cawled [called] one month or six weeks from

their farms they can put no spring grain in the ground and the consequence will be that their families must inevitably suffer the

famine even threatens before the ensuing

harvest when there is but little sown that

can be rept [reaped] if the farmers are prevented from putting in spring grain the famine will undoubted be dreadful.

(Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Benoni Wiltse to Colonel Joel Stone, April 13, 1813, Archives of Ontario.)

3. Desertion has come to such height that 8 or 10 men go off daily. That black guard 104 [awful 104th regiment] first led the way. The army is not quite so sickly as it

was...

(Extract from an original letter from Thomas G. Ridout (near Niagara) to his brother George Ridout, September 16, 1813, Archives of Ontario.)

H 120 Unit 2: British North America

The Treaty of Ghent

British and American representatives met in Ghent, Belgium, to try to reach a peace agreement. In December 1814, they signed the Treaty of Ghent, which brought an end to the war. There were no major victories on either side in the treaty. The border between British North America and the United States remained the same.

The war had been a stalemate. But it was still significant for the development of British North America. You will read in the next section about how the war affected the way people, especially those in Upper Canada, felt about British North America.

This painting shows the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in Belgium in 1814.

THINKING It Over

1. Use the map to identify the locations of major battles in the War of

1812. Describe the overall pattern of fighting. K

2. From what you have read, was there a decisive winner in the

fighting? Explain your answer.

3. Write a letter to family in Britain as if you are someone from Upper Canada expressing your feelings at the end of the war. Describe some events in the war to show your pride in successfully facing the much larger American forces.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812 H 121

Effects of the War of 1812 on British North America

During

READING

Checkpoint

Consider which of these effects would probably also be seen in a modern war.

Wars tend to have profound effects on the nations that fight them. Wars also have an impact on people's attitudes, political loyalties, and sense of duty. Consider the following effects that the War of 1812 had on Lower and, especially, Upper Canada (where most of the fighting took place):

• Agriculture declined because many farmers were called away to fight in the militia. In addition, armies damaged many fields through their manoeuvres and fighting.

There was a series of smaller harvests, and the food supply was threatened.

There was an increase in the demand for materials to support the troops. The import business prospered as goods. came into the Canadas from Britain. Some merchants in the

import business made a lot of money out of the war.

As well, wars can have the effect of bringing together groups of people to confront a common enemy.

Prominent people, such as politicians and religious leaders, urged the people to do everything they could to resist the

enemy.

Lower and Upper Canadians heeded this call, and volunteers for the militia stepped forward rapidly.

The Canadiens especially saw the Americans as a threat. They regarded the Americans as anti-French, and felt reasonably well treated under British rule. As in the

American Revolution, the Canadiens supported the British during the War of 1812.

Loyalty to Britain and the monarchy survived the war. British North Americans did not want to live as part of the American republic, and were prepared to fight to show this. The monarchy was later to become a powerful symbol of Canadian independence from the United States. It has survived to the present day.

H 122

Unit 2: British North America

The militia of Upper Canada.

The War of 1812 had some effects on the development of Canada. It promoted unity as the French and English people came together to resist a common enemy-the United States. And it showed that they were a capable people in a time of crisis. As a result, British North American self-confidence grew.

THINKING It Over

1. Make a web chart to show the long-term and immediate causes of

the War of 1812. k

2. Identify, in your own words, three damaging short-term effects of

the War of 1812.

3. In your view, what was the most important long-term benefit of the

war? Draw a political cartoon to illustrate your point of view. t

4. Discuss the following question with a partner: If a war has long-

term benefits for the people, do you think that a nation is justified in fighting it? Explain your reasoning. Compare your views to those of another pair of students. Did everyone agree, or was opinion divided?

1st

in Canada

Thinking of Themselves as

British North Americans

In times of crisis, when people have a common enemy, they come together. The War of 1812 was one such crisis for the people of

Upper Canada. First Nations

people, immigrants from Europe, Canadiens, and Loyalists all worked together to defend Upper Canada. When Upper Canada survived the war, they felt pride in their accomplishment.

Nationalism means love of and pride in one's country. Until the War of 1812, there was no such thing as Upper Canadian nationalism. But

afterward, people began to feel pride in themselves and their accomplishments. In just over half a century, this growing sense of pride would lead to the creation of a new

nation-Canada.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812 H 123

Sir Isaac Brock.

During

READING

Checkpoint

Remember to "talk to the text" with both questions and

comments as you read.

Key Figures in Upper Canada

History is a great collection of stories. And many of the stories are about individuals. By studying the lives of people in history, we can get a better understanding of what life was like at the time. In this section, you will read about four people who were prominent

around the time of the War of 1812.

Sir Isaac Brock (1769-1812)

You already know that Sir Isaac Brock died at Queenston Heights. As you study his life, you will realize what a talented person he was.

Background

Brock was born in 1769 on the small island of Guernsey, one of the British Channel Islands. His family was rich, but he was the eighth son in the family. He could expect nothing from his father's estate. At

the

age of 15, he joined the army and remained a soldier all his life. He served in the West Indies and in Europe, where Britain and France were fighting wars to be the most powerful nation in the world.

Achievements

In 1802, Brock's regiment was posted to Lower Canada, where he spent much time building up Québec City's defences. By 1810, he was in command of the defences of Montréal. Later that year, he was sent to Upper Canada to take charge of the whole colony's defence. He was promoted to major-general at this time.

Brock realized that it would be easier to defend against the Americans if the British had the cooperation of the First Nations. So he planned to capture Detroit and Michilimackinac because these were strong American settlements, and the First Nations were

anxious to see the Americans cleared out. The Shawnee First

Nation, under the leadership of Tecumseh, were allies with Brock in these campaigns. In July 1812, Brock and Tecumseh attacked Detroit, and the Americans surrendered. Brock rushed back to the Niagara area to defend it.

In October 1812, the Americans captured Queenston Heights. Brock led his troops out of nearby Fort George, and attempted to recapture the Heights. In the tradition of his time, Brock wore his best uniform, which clearly identified him as commanding officer. An American sniper shot him in the chest and he soon died.

H 124 Unit 2: British North America

Significance

Like Wolfe at Québec, Brock died a hero in battle. Brock was an intelligent, energetic person. He fought for Britain in other parts of the world. His leadership eventually did lead to the recapture of the Heights. Without the efforts of people such as Brock in the War of 1812, Upper Canada might easily have become part of the United States.

Tecumseh (1768-1813)

Many First Nations people also became involved in the war, mainly on the British side. This is the story of one of their leaders.

Background

Tecumseh was a Chief of the Shawnee people, who lived in the Ohio Valley region. His father was killed in 1774 in one of the wars between the British and the First Nations. In the American

Revolution, American soldiers destroyed many Shawnee villages. Tecumseh realized that all First Nations would have to work

together to survive such attacks.

Achievements

In 1809, First Nations peoples in Indiana sold 10 000 square kilometres of land to the United States. Tecumseh opposed this deal. He said:

No tribe has the right to sell, even to each other, much less to strangers.... Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Didn't the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?

His anger at the Americans increased in 1811, when an army force destroyed more Shawnee villages in the area. Tecumseh decided to make an alliance with the British. They were happy to have his cooperation and made him a brigadier-general in their army.

When the British attacked Detroit in 1812, Tecumseh used a strategy to make the Americans think that he had far more warriors than he really did.

Tecumseh.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812 H 125

U.S. Commodore Perry is shown transferring between ships in the middle of the battle of Lake Erie.

Laura Secord in later life. She died in 1868 at the age of 93.

In 1813, the Americans won an important naval victory on Lake Erie, forcing the British and First Nations troops to retreat into Upper Canada. American army troops followed them and won the Battle of Moraviantown, near Chatham. The British and First Nations troops were badly beaten, and Tecumseh was killed. With the loss of his leadership, his supporters lost heart. They later

surrendered to the Americans at Detroit. The fate of Tecumseh's people now lay with the Americans. In 1827, the American government confiscated all Shawnee lands, forcing the Shawnee to move to new land farther west.

Significance

Tecumseh's contribution is an example of the important role that First Nations played in the wars between the British and the Americans. Without the support of the First Nations, the outcome might have been different.

Tecumseh was a perceptive leader. He correctly predicted that his people would suffer at the hands of the settlers. Their way of life was changed forever.

Laura Secord (1775-1868)

The story of Laura Secord is one of the most famous in Canadian history.

Background

Laura Ingersoll was born in Massachusetts in 1775. Her father supported the Patriots in the American Revolution. But, in 1795, the entire family moved to the Niagara region of Upper Canada. In 1797, she married James Secord and the couple set up home in Queenston.

Achievements

The Secords both played a role in the War of 1812. James was injured at the Battle of Queenston Heights and went through a long recovery. Invading American troops demanded that the Secords take care of them during a lull in the fighting. But the Secords developed a plan to see if they could get information from the invaders. One evening, James and Laura secretly listened to the Americans

conversation. The Secords discovered that the Americans were

planning a sudden attack on the British army at Beaver Dams, about 20 kilometres away.

H 126 Unit 2: British North America.

James and Laura realized that they should get this information to Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon, who commanded the regiment at Beaver Dams. (This place is now known as Thorold.) But how were they to get a message through? James was not mobile because of his war injuries. The roads were in poor repair, making travel difficult. They decided that Laura would walk to Beaver Dams to tell Fitzgibbon what they had discovered.

Secord took a roundabout route to avoid being captured by American soldiers. She walked part of the way with her niece, but most of it alone. In all, she walked about 30 kilometres, which, over the rough landscape, took almost 20 hours. The weather was extremely hot.

Eventually, she encountered a First Nations force of Mohawk soldiers. She told them her story, and they took care of her. They took her to see Fitzgibbon who was very grateful for her information. Two days later, the First Nations and British soldiers led a surprise attack against the Americans. They captured 462 enemy soldiers.

Afterward, Fitzgibbon wrote:

The weather on the 22nd day of June, 1813 was very hot, and Mrs. Secord, whose person was slight and delicate,

appeared to have been and no doubt was very much exhausted by the exertion she made in coming to me, and I have ever since held myself personally indebted to her for her conduct upon that occasion....

Laura Secord's home, which you can now visit in the village of Queenston, Ontario.

WEB LINK.

For more information on key people from this period, visit www.pearsoned.ca/on7history.

X Battle

Laura's route

UPPER CANADA

Stoney.

Creek

30 km

Lake Ontario

York

Fort George

Fort Niagara

St. Catharines.

Queenston

Beaver Dams & X

Niagara Falls

St. David's

NEW YORK

This map shows the route Laura took on her way to warn Lieutenant Fitzgibbon, as well as the locations of some of the battles in the area.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812 H 127

Significance

Laura Secord played an important role in what was then an all-male activity-spying. But the official records of the time ignored her contribution. Fitzgibbon was treated as a hero, while Laura Secord was forgotten. It was not until the 1860s that she was recognized as a heroine. The Prince of Wales awarded her 100 pounds (about $500 at the time) for her courage. Her actions show how individuals can sometimes have a significant impact on history.

Rewind/Fast Forward

Travelling in Southern Ontario

In the early 1800s, travelling in Upper Canada was difficult and slow. On Lakes Ontario and Erie, boats carried freight and people. Because they were sailing ships, wind speed and direction affected where, and how fast, you could go. In addition, storms could make the water extremely rough. Lake Erie, because it is relatively shallow, became a graveyard for sailing ships.

Land transportation was also slow and unreliable. The few roads were narrow,

uneven, and often waterlogged.

The following description from a soldier in the War of 1812 is

typical:

We have had a most harassing journey of 10 days to this place.... Frequently I had to go middle deep in a mud hole & unload the wagon & carry heavy trunks 50 yards [45 m] waist deep in the mire & reload the wagon. Sometimes put my shoulder

to the fore wheel & raise it

Today, travel in the region is quick and reliable. Huge freighters carry goods through the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway system in relative safety. Highway 401 runs

from the Québec border in the east to Windsor

in the west. This journey of 800 kilometres would have taken you two to three weeks in 1810. Today you easily can do it in 10 hours. And for long-distance travel, you can fly from major airports in Windsor, London, Hamilton, Toronto, or Ottawa.

People travelling on Upper Canada's roads in the 1800s often encountered sections of deep mud. One of the solutions was called the "corduroy road," shown here. Trees were cut and placed tightly together over these wet areas so wagons and sleds could cross; however, they were very uncomfortable for travellers.

H 128 Unit 2: British North America

Lieutenant-Colonel John By (1779-1836)

John By was a military man, but not one engaged in fighting. He was an engineer, who designed and supervised construction

projects for the army.

Background

John By was born in London, England, and entered officer training in the army at the age of 18. He was eventually posted to the Royal Engineers, the regiment in charge of building military facilities. These included fortifications, accommodation, and repair shops. In 1802, he was posted to Lower Canada and stationed in Québec City.

Achievements

By spent nine years in Lower Canada. His major project was building canals to improve shipping routes on the St. Lawrence River. He also designed new fortifications for Québec City. From 1811 to 1821, he served in Portugal and England. He left the army at the age of 43, in 1821. But his biggest project lay ahead of him.

In 1826, John By rejoined the Royal Engineers and was shipped to Upper Canada. The government had decided to build a

canal to connect the Ottawa River and Lake Ontario. It is 202

kilometres long, and took six years to build. By designed and supervised the building of 47 locks along the Rideau River. You can still see them today in Ottawa.

The Rideau Canal was a direct response to the War of 1812. In that war, York, Montréal, and Québec were all targets of the American forces. The St. Lawrence River

offered easy access for the Americans to these cities. American troops might also block the St. Lawrence, preventing the movement of troops and supplies. The Rideau Canal, which connects Kingston and Ottawa, is considerably north of the

St. Lawrence. It was therefore safe from

possible American attack. Supplies and soldiers would be able to get to the battle sites, quickly and easily.

Today, having never been used for its intended purpose, the canal is a tourist

attraction, and the waterways provide

Lieutenant-Colonel John By supervising the construction of

the locks.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812

H 129

This engraving by W. H. Bartlett was published in 1840, and shows some of the Rideau Canal locks near Bytown (now Ottawa). How did By's achievement change the economy of Upper Canada?

recreation for thousands each

summer. In the winter,

sections of the canal are

turned into long skating

rinks, giving everyone a

chance to enjoy the outdoors.

You can see the canal route on

the map on page H 150.

By's next task was to lay

out the streets of a town at

the junction of the Ottawa

and Rideau Rivers. When the design was finished, the town was called Bytown. Its name was later changed to Ottawa, and it became the capital of

Canada. Ottawa's selection as the capital city was no accident. Again, as a reaction to the events of the War of 1812, this city was well placed to be far removed from any possible American attack. By's enemies charged him with unauthorized spending on the canal project, and he spent much of his life trying to clear his name. He returned to England, and died there in 1836.

Significance

John By was one of the many people who worked hard to develop British North America at this time. Before he returned to England, the Montréal Committee of Trade made a presentation and address to him. It made special mention of his "moral courage and an undaunted spirit" which "excit[e] our admiration and deserv[e] our praise." By's name lives on in the Byward Market, an area in

Ottawa's Lower Town.

THINKING It Over

1. Which of the people described in this section

you find the most interesting? Which would you rather be? Why? What do you find in the person's story that interests you?

2. Work with a partner to identify common

qualities possessed by the people described

here. Compile a list, then explain how these qualities helped them to achieve success. k

3. Use the "Fast Forward/Rewind" feature to

make an attractive visual display (drawing, poster, collage, cartoon) comparing Ontario travel in the past and present. G

H 130 Unit 2: British North America

CHAPTER IN BRIEF

You learned about the causes and major events of the War of 1812, which pitted the United States against Britain and British North America. You examined some of the interesting people who had an impact on the history of the region at this time. You saw how their successful participation in the war began to give British North Americans a sense of their uniqueness and competence. This growing sense that they were neither entirely American nor British gave the people a growing confidence as they addressed the future. Fifty-five years later, in 1867, the colonies became the independent nation of Canada.

After

READING

Tie It Together Review your questions and comments on your sticky

notes, and your jot notes on

your map of Canada. Write a summary of what you have learned in this chapter, using an organizer such as the one shown here.

Causes

Personalities

Battles

War of 1812

Effects

PUTTING It All Together

1. Reviewing

Scan the articles about the four key people in Upper Canada earlier in this chapter. Identify the purpose of each section (background, achievements, significance).

2. Choosing ta

The four people below were also significant in Upper Canada. Do brief research to find out about them, and choose one to be the subject of a biographical sketch.

1. Sir John Graves Simcoe (1752-1806)

2. Lady Elizabeth Simcoe (1766-1850)

3. Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea) (1742-1807)

4. Thomas Peters (1738-1792)

3. Research

Ask questions to guide your research into the background, achievements, and significance of your subject. Use primary and secondary sources. Organize your findings under those three headings. Make sure that you identify and explain any technical or special vocabulary necessary to understand your subject's life.

4. Results

Follow your teacher's instructions about the format of your finished biographical sketch.

Refer to pages S 2, S4, S5, and S 10 of the Skills Tool Kit for help with various skills required for this assignment.

Chapter 6: The War of 1812

H 131

Back to the Big Idea

H 132 Unit 2: British North America

In what ways was British North America British, and in what ways was it North American?

You have learned how the French and British resolved their disputes in

North America and how the American Revolution affected Québec. You

also studied the Loyalist migrations to British North America and the impact they had on Québec and the Lake Ontario and Lake Erie Regions. In the final chapter of the unit, you learned about the causes, the battles, and impact of the War of 1812.

Use your notes and organizers to review what you have studied. Write one paragraph for each part of the question, In what ways was British North America British, and in what ways was it North American?

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American History War of 1812 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the American sentiment towards Britain leading up to the War of 1812?

What was the main European conflict that diverted Britain's attention and resources, creating an opportunity for the United States?

What was the British practice of forcibly enlisting sailors known as?

Why were American sailors at risk of being impressed into British naval service?

Approximately how many American sailors were estimated to have been impressed into the British navy between 1793 and 1812?

Which of the following best describes the perception of the impressment of American citizens by the U.S. government?

What was the role of the 'press gangs' in the British Royal Navy?

Besides the impressment of sailors, what other concern did many Americans have regarding British actions?

According to Thomas Jefferson, what was the primary inefficiency of British trade practices?

What was a key concern that drove the War Hawks to advocate for war with Britain?

What does Senator Henry Clay mean by 'extinguish the torch that lights up savage warfare'?

What did Jefferson believe the conquest of Canada would achieve for the United States?

According to John C. Calhoun, what was the expected ease of conquering parts of Canada?

What does President Madison urge Americans to do in his proclamation of war?

How are the statements of Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun similar to each other?

What does the angelic figure in the painting 'American Progress' represent?

What was the primary goal of American westward expansion?

What is Jonathan Moore's primary focus of study?

What does the text suggest is a long-term impact of Britain's conflicts with France and the US on Canada?

Why might it be useful to look at primary documents when studying the past?

At what age did Jonathan Moore first start participating in archaeological work?

What is the main reason for studying historical sites through archaeology?

Where did Jonathan Moore acquire his scuba diving skills?

What is Jonathan Moore's typical work routine throughout the year?

In the context of historical investigation, what advantages do archaeological sites provide?

Which two American warships did Jonathan Moore recently survey in Lake Ontario?

What does the text suggest about the relationship between archaeological evidence and written or oral accounts of the past?

What was Jonathan Moore's impression during his survey of the sunken warships?

What type of professional is Jonathan Moore?

Why did the Americans decide to focus their attacks on the colonies in Canada during the War of 1812?

What was Brigadier General William Hull's belief regarding the colonists in Upper Canada?

What was Major-General Sir Isaac Brock's first priority in Upper Canada during the War of 1812?

What did Sir Isaac Brock believe was crucial to defend Upper Canada from an American invasion?

What action was taken by the police in Québec City shortly after President Madison's declaration of war?

What does Anne Prevost state that she felt for the Americans?

How did the young British colonist, Jacob Cline, respond to the American officer's remark about being under American rule?

Why did the Americans believe the colonists in Upper Canada would not resist their invasion?

What was the primary reason why the United States declared war on Britain in 1812, according to the content (implied)?

What was the primary reason for the British attack on the USS Chesapeake in 1807?

What is the correct definition of 'impressment' as it relates to historical context?

What was the primary objective of Tecumseh's proposed Indian Confederacy?

How did the Embargo Act of 1807 impact the United States?

Which of the following best describes the British 'Orders in Council'?

Who were the two Shawnee brothers that were pivotal in resisting American expansion?

What was the outcome of the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811?

Why did the First Nations align with the British during the War of 1812?

What was the primary point of conflict between Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison?

What did some Americans believe Britain was doing to incite conflict in the region?

How did Napoleon's actions against Britain affect the United States?

What did the American artist John Archibald Woodside try to show in his painting 'We Owe Allegiance to No Crown'?

Before the War of 1812, what was a key point of contention between the US and the British on the open seas?

Why did the Embargo Act of 1807 backfire for the American economy?

What did Tecumseh warn Tenskwatawa before the Battle of Tippecanoe?

What was the significance of controlling Michilimackinac according to Brock?

What prompted General Hull to abandon his invasion of Upper Canada?

According to Brock's letter, what was the consequence of not controlling Detroit and Michilimackinac at the start of the hostilities?

What is the primary purpose of a story map as described in the text?

What did Hull's proclamation to Canadians state regarding his intentions?

What was the significance of the battle at Lundy's Lane?

Which online mapping technology is specifically mentioned for creating a story map?

Why did the Americans consider Detroit a key location at the beginning of the War of 1812?

Which of the following is an accurate description of skirmishes in the context of the War of 1812?

What was General Hull's strategy when approaching Upper Canada?

According to the timeline, in which year did the Battle of Lake Erie occur?

What was a significant consequence of the British victory at Detroit?

Which event occurred after the Battle of Queenston Heights according to the timeline?

What was the key difference between the battles that took place in Upper and Lower Canada during the War of 1812?

What did the Americans hope to accomplish by conquering Niagara?

What was the significance of the Treaty of Ghent?

What was a major factor contributing to the British victory at the Battle of Queenston Heights?

What does Figure 6.16, 'British Troops at Michilimackinac', depict?

What is a characteristic of the American Militia at Queenston Heights?

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the story map mentioned in the text?

What does the text describe as the potential human cost of the War of 1812?

What was a consequence of the War of 1812 that is visible in cities like Toronto?

What is the first step when creating a story map of a battle, as described in the text?