Questions and Answers
How were the American colonies more like each other than England?
They had to deal with a wild physical environment, Indian tribes as neighbors, and an ethnically and racially diverse population.
During the seventeenth century, at least three-fourths of the immigrants who came to the Chesapeake colonies came as?
indentured servants
The high mortality rate in the southern colonies had the effect of?
weakening the traditional patriarchal family structure
In the Puritan colonies, the principal economic and religious unit in the community was the?
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The mid-1690s marked a turning point in the history of the black population in America because?
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The one factor which determined whether a person was subject to the slave codes in the British American colonies was?
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Historian Edmund S. Morgan argued that the institutionalization of African slavery in America reflected?
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The most numerous of the non-English immigrants were the?
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Why were Africans so valuable to planters along the Carolina and Georgia coasts?
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Conditions for agriculture were better in the middle colonies than in most of New England because of?
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The industrial activities of the northern colonies were primarily limited to?
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A common problem in American commerce in the seventeenth century was?
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The maze of highly diverse trade routes involving rum, slaves, and sugar was known as the?
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During the seventeenth century, colonial plantations were?
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African slaves in the colonial South began to develop a?
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The characteristic social unit in New England was the?
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In colonial New England, tensions between expectations of a cohesive community and the reality of diversity led to?
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What were the functions of a colonial American city?
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In matters of religion, Americans were?
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What caused the decline of piety in colonial America?
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The Great Awakening was?
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Before the Revolution, American education created a white male population more literate than those of?
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Which of the following offers the best historical source of information about humor in the American colonies?
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The influence of science in the colonies led to?
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During the first half of the eighteenth century, colonial legislatures were generally?
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Compare and contrast the economy of the northern colonies with that of the southern colonies. What made the two regions develop as they did?
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What role did religion play in the advance of education in America?
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What impact did technology have on the development of the British American colonies?
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What were the reasons for the colonists to enjoy their membership in the British Empire in the 1750s?
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During the fifty years after the Glorious Revolution, the British policy of neglect of the colonial economy was sustained by?
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By the 1750s colonial legislatures had come to see themselves as?
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A conference of colonial leaders gathered in Albany, New York, in 1754 to discuss a proposal by Benjamin Franklin to?
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Both the French and the English were well aware that the battle for control of North America would be determined in part by?
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The British victory in the Great War for the empire gave England control of?
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Prior to the Great War for the empire, the Iroquois Confederacy maintained their?
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What occurred during the prime ministry of William Pitt?
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For which group was the result of the Great War for the empire a disaster?
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The English decision to reorganize the British Empire after 1763 was the result of?
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George III influenced the growing strain between the colonies and Great Britain through?
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In an effort to keep peace between frontiersmen and Indians, the British government forbade settlers from crossing?
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Which of the following was a consequence of the policies of the Grenville ministry?
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The Indian empire that dominated modern Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest was the __________.
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At the time of the Spanish conquest, the economies of most of the Native Americans in South and Central America and Mexico were based on __________.
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The eastern third of what is now the United States was inhabited by the __________.
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Indian religions were tied closely to the natural world.
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Indian societies in North America tended to divide tasks according to gender.
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Europe during the Middle Ages was too divided and decentralized to inspire great ventures.
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Paralleling the rise of commerce in Europe, and in part responsible for it, was __________.
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The first nation to fund exploratory journeys beyond the boundaries of Europe was __________.
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As a result of Columbus's voyages, Spain __________.
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Through a combination of daring, brutality, and greed, the conquistadors __________.
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With the Indians' conversion to Catholicism, most natives continued to practice their own religious rituals.
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The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 allowed the Pueblos to regain __________ of their communities.
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The first and perhaps most profound result of the meeting of native and European cultures was the __________.
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Ultimately more important to Europe than the gold and silver found in the New World was the __________.
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In matrilineal Indian and African societies, __________.
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The African slave trade began __________.
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In the sixteenth century, the market for slaves grew dramatically as a result of __________.
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What were the English incentives for colonization?
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Members of the Church of England who claimed that the church had not given up Rome's offensive beliefs and practices were the __________.
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As a result of their experiences in Ireland, the English believed that __________.
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The country that produced the most successful fur traders and trappers was __________.
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The first permanent English settlement was __________.
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The man to whom Queen Elizabeth granted the land on which the 'lost colony' was planted was __________.
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Describe the Indian societies and their geographic distribution before the coming of the European explorers.
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Compare and contrast the Spanish and the English motives for colonization.
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Explain the relationship between Spanish colonists and the Indians.
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Describe the social and cultural backgrounds of the Africans brought to America.
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How did the New World develop within the context of what has become known as the Atlantic World?
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What shaped the character of English settlements in America?
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One of the biggest problems during the first years of the Jamestown settlements was __________.
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Captain John Smith helped Jamestown survive when he __________.
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The Englishman who first cultivated tobacco in Virginia was __________.
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The year 1619 was important in the history of Virginia because that year the colony __________.
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To entice new laborers to their colony, the Virginia Company established the 'headright' system to __________.
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In 1619, another crucial element was introduced into the Virginia social order. It was __________.
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Which colony allowed freedom of religion to all Christians?
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Which problem occurred during the early years of the Maryland colony?
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Which factor contributed to the outbreak of Bacon's Rebellion?
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Bacon's Rebellion was significant because __________.
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The majority of colonists who first settled in Plymouth were __________.
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The Plymouth colony's relationship with its Indian neighbors was __________.
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The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony was __________.
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The colony in Hartford __________.
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Anne Hutchinson's teaching threatened to undermine the spiritual authority of the established clergy because she __________.
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Regarding the Indians, Puritan settlers were LEAST likely to advocate a policy of tolerance and respect.
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The Restoration colonies had in common that they were all __________.
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Slavery in Carolina was greatly influenced by slavery in __________.
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Caribbean colonies built their economies on __________.
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Under the Caribbean slave code, masters could kill slaves with impunity.
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The Navigation Acts were designed to __________.
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The overthrow of James II in the Glorious Revolution was well received in New England.
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In America, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to changes which revealed __________.
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Compare and contrast Virginia and Plymouth—their origins, their goals, and their early social, political, and economic development.
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Between 1660 and 1700, the American colonies were shaken by a series of 'revolts' that were the result of tensions in colonial society. Examine the protests that took place in Virginia, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New York.
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Explain the way in which England applied the principles of mercantilism to its North American colonies.
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Compare and contrast the institution of slavery in England's mainland colonies with the institution as it existed in the Caribbean.
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Compare and contrast the way the English and Spanish dealt with Native Americans.
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Study Notes
Native American Societies Pre-Conquest
- The Aztec Empire was dominant in modern Mexico at the time of Spanish conquest.
- Most Native American economies in this region were agriculturally based.
- The eastern United States was inhabited by Woodland Indians, who divided tasks by gender.
- Indian religions were closely tied to nature and land.
European Context and Exploration
- Europe during the Middle Ages lacked unity, hindering exploration efforts.
- The rise of powerful nation-states in Europe fueled exploration and commerce.
- Portugal was the first country to fund exploratory journeys beyond Europe.
- Columbus’s voyages resulted in Spain becoming the leading maritime power.
- Conquistadors utilized brutality and greed to establish the Spanish Empire in the Americas.
Cultural Interactions
- Native conversion to Catholicism occurred, but many retained traditional beliefs.
- The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 allowed Pueblos to regain political control temporarily.
- The cultural exchange led to European adoption of Native customs.
- Importation of new crops from the Americas ultimately proved more beneficial to Europe than the gold and silver found.
Slavery and Economic Systems
- African slave trade commenced as early as the 8th century, leading to increased demand due to European sugar plantations.
- The Virginia Company implemented the headright system to attract labor by granting land to settlers.
- Slavery in Carolina was heavily influenced by practices from Barbados.
English Colonization Motives and Strategies
- English motives for colonization included escaping religious strife, economic changes, finding new markets, and defeating the Spanish Armada.
- The Puritans, claiming Rome's practices persisted in the Church of England, sought to reform their faith.
- Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement established in Virginia.
Relationship Between Colonists and Native Americans
- Relations between Spanish colonists and Native Americans were marked by brutality; many natives died from disease and conflict.
- English settlers established family-focused colonies, leading to less intermarriage with natives compared to Spanish practices.
Revolts and Social Structures
- Bacon's Rebellion highlighted competition among Virginia elites and landless men's instability.
- The social unrest was rooted in government underrepresentation and religious conflicts, particularly in Virginia and Maryland.
- In Plymouth, the relationship with Native Americans was crucial for settlement survival.
Colonial Governance and Economic Foundations
- The Navigation Acts aimed to regulate commerce based on mercantilist principles.
- Local governance revolutions in New England indicated the significance of local issues over imperial concerns after the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
Comparative Analysis of Regions
- Virginia was economically driven by profit, while Plymouth sought religious solitude and community.
- Social and political frameworks demonstrated a contrast in family dynamics and relations with Native populations across colonies.
Reflection on Slavery and Mercantilism
- The utilization of slave labor differed significantly between the Caribbean and mainland colonies, with Caribbean planters often neglecting the well-being of slaves to minimize costs.
- The connection of American colonies to the Atlantic World was characterized by the exchange of ideas, commerce, and migration.### Immigration and Labor in Colonial America
- The Chesapeake colonies saw at least three-fourths of their immigrants arriving as indentured servants during the seventeenth century.
- High mortality rates in the southern colonies weakened traditional patriarchal family structures.
- The Royal Africa Company lost its monopoly in the mid-1690s, marking a significant shift in the black population's history in America.
- In colonial society, color was the determining factor for whether individuals were subject to slave codes, highlighting racial divisions.
Economic and Social Structures
- In Puritan colonies, family served as the principal economic and religious unit, emphasizing the importance of kinship and community.
- Economic conditions in the middle colonies benefited from more temperate weather, improving agricultural prospects compared to New England.
- The northern colonies focused on local businesses and goods created for home consumption, limiting industrial development.
- The triangular trade involved complex trade routes exchanging rum, slaves, and sugar, significantly impacting colonial economies.
Cultural and Ideological Context
- African slaves in the South began to cultivate their own unique society and culture, indicating resilience and adaptation.
- Social units in New England were characterized by towns, fostering a sense of community but also leading to tensions regarding diversity, as seen in the witch trials.
- Religious beliefs played a significant role in education, with early public schools established to enable reading of the Bible; however, religious narrow-mindedness hindered scientific education.
Influence of the Enlightenment and Education
- The Enlightenment inspired a growing interest in scientific knowledge, impacting educational practices in colonial America.
- By the 1750s, colonial legislatures had evolved into entities resembling "little parliaments," reflecting burgeoning democratic ideals.
- The spread of printing technology in the eighteenth century allowed for increased literacy and the rise of newspapers, fostering informed communities.
Relations with Native Tribes and the British Empire
- Colonists valued their membership in the British Empire around the 1750s for military protection, political stability, and economic opportunity.
- The Iroquois Confederacy skillfully maintained autonomy before the Great War for Empire, avoiding close ties with either the French or English.
- British victory in the conflict led to control over most settled regions in North America, reshaping colonial dynamics.
Aftermath of the Great War for Empire
- The British government's reorganization post-1763 was driven by significant war debts and territorial expansion.
- George III's insecure personality contributed to tensions between the colonies and Great Britain, illustrating the influence of leadership on governance.
- New policies aimed at regulating colonial expansion included restricting settlers from crossing the Appalachian Mountains, aiming to reduce conflicts with Native Americans.
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Test your knowledge of Chapter 1 in American History with these flashcards. Cover key concepts like the Aztec Empire and Native American economies during the Spanish conquest. Perfect for exam preparation and revision!