American Colonization and Education in the Philippines

• Colonization of the Philippines occurred from 1898 to 1946
• The American colonial period introduced the American Public School System
• A goal was to control and assimilate Filipinos physically and intellectually

Education during the American Period

• School registration was compulsory for children aged 7 and above
• Education was free, with English as the primary medium of instruction
• The education system had three levels: elementary (7 years, including kindergarten), secondary (4 years), and tertiary (4 years)

Significance of the Thomasites

• The Thomasites were a group of educators who played a crucial role in rebuilding Philippine society after the war
• Teaching was their method to educate people, thus contributing to societal reconstruction
• They arrived in the Philippines in August 1901
• Two programs, government-sponsored, allowed Filipinos to study abroad
• In return, scholars would either teach or work for the US government
• These students were known as "scholars" or "pensionados"
• Jose Abad Santos, Francisco Benitez, Dr. Honoria Sison and Francisco Delgado are examples of Filipino scholars

Social Process and Life Function Curriculum

• Focuses on education as socialization, enhancing students’ interaction capabilities
• Aligned to improve socialization skills and awareness of social matters

Key Components of the Social Process

• Social engagement encourages community interaction, collaboration, and partnerships
• Experience-based learning utilizes real-world scenarios and community involvement
• Personal development focuses on encouraging moral behavior

Life Function Curriculum

• Aims to equip students with practical skills for independent living, often utilized in special education programs
• The curriculum key elements includes self-care skills to teach healthy lifestyles and hygiene
• Skills for independent living to teach financial literacy, food preparation, and handling household chores
• Career preparedness teaches workplace etiquette, résumé writing, and job training

Sociological and Cultural Foundations of Curriculum

• Society is a system of usages, authority, and mutual aid, forming a web of social relationships
• Culture is the customs, arts, and social institutions of a particular group
• Sociology is the study of societal development, structure, and function

Growth of Technology

• As technology and information grow, the traditional ethics of work require review
• Curriculum must adapt to reflect these social changes

Structure of Family

• Parental involvement expectations in education are evolving as family structures change

Cultural Diversity

• Debate over educational aims is ongoing in dynamic societies
• This ongoing debate makes society more viable and resilient

Broad Field and Spiral Curriculum

• This curriculum is either fused or integrated
• Two or more subjects unite into one course of study
• It systemizes by combining and regrouping related subjects

Broad Field Curriculum Objectives

• It enables students to understand general views of various subjects
• It connects learning experiences for students
• It develops integrated learning skills

Broad-Field Curriculum Structure

• Based on Interrelated Disciplines: Integrates related subjects into one field to provide holistic understanding
• Based on Various Departments: Organizes curriculum by grouping subjects into academic departments and allowing interdisciplinary learning

Spiral Curriculum

• It revisits the same topics with more advanced education
• Spiral Curriculum requires a deepening with each successive encounter building on the previous one, according to Jerome Bruner in 1960

Spiral Curriculum Objectives

• Enhance retention through revisiting concepts
• Deepen understanding with each iteration
• Build connections between different areas of knowledge
• Develop higher-order thinking skills
• Support long-term mastery of subjects

Existentialism and Pragmatism

• Pragmatism is an educational philosophy that started in the United States around 1870
• Key figures include Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey
• Pragma is a Greek word that means activity or work done
• Pragmatism believes in change and practical experiences as fundamental to learning
• Søren Kierkegaard is the father of existentialism
• Jean-Paul Sartre and Karl Jaspers are other philosophers that contributed to the concept
• Existentialism became a philosophical, cultural movement from the 1930s-1970s

Correlated and Fused Curriculum

• Fused Curriculum integrates multiple subjects or disciplines, relating content and learning objectives

Benefits of Fused Curriculum

• Creates higher engagement, making learning more interesting and relevant
• Improves retention: relating subjects help students remember and apply knowledge
• Develops interdisciplinary skills, encouraging creative application of knowledge and flexible thinking
• Connect learning to real-world situations mirroring the problem solutions that require knowledge from many fields

Correlated Curriculum

• Subjects taught individually, focuses on the connections between them

Benefits of Correlated Curriculum

• Supports understanding, enhancing broader application of knowledge
• Provides context, making abstract concepts relevant through different lenses
• Reinforces learning for memory and retention of the material

Curriculum Summary

• Fused Curriculum is the full integration of subjects for holistic learning
• Correlated Curriculum connects separate subjects to highlight their connection

Open Education Curriculum

• Educational materials should be free to access, modify, and share
• The curriculum should foster collaboration, learning, and dynamic knowledge-driven societies
• Consists of open educational resources and massive open online courses (MOOC) for limitless learning

Problem-Solving Curriculum

• Involves students in addressing real-world challenges
• Develops critical thinking, resilience, and growth mindset

Activity-Based and Child-Centered Curriculum

• Learning through activities and experience is key
• Experimentation, exploration, and expression are used
• Active participation is student-centered, and supports John Dewey’s learning-by-doing approach
• Child/student-centered education, like Kindergarten and Montessori, promotes auto-didactics

9. Essentialism and Perennialism

• William Chandler Bagley (1874–1946) was the essentialism founder

Essentialism

• It is centered on teaching core knowledge and skills
• Uses a back-to-basics approach with the 3 R's : Reading, Writing, Arithmetic
• Encompasses math, natural science, history, foreign language, and literature

Teacher's Role with Essentialism

• Seen as the authority figure that provides direct instruction
• Teachers must teach discipline, hard work, and essential knowledge as experts and role models

Essentialism Teaching Strategies

• They consist of proven methods: drill, lecture, memorization, and homework
• Teacher-centered and subject-focused that emphasizes mastery learning

Essentialism Student's Role

• They are passive and ready to absorb content
• They must listen, sit still, and learn from the teacher in a one-way learning

Perennialism

• The word perennial means everlasting
• Includes tradition, conservatism and a teacher-centered approach
• Develops the mind with principles and thinking, providing intellect and moral

Perennialism types

• Ecclesiastic is religious and focuses on intellect along with faith with the help of God, according to (Webb et. al., 2010)
  • Promoted St. Thomas Aquinas, the Father of Perennialism, and Jacques Maritain
• Lay (Secular) emphasizes liberal arts
  • Includes character training, moral development, and Great Books
  • Promoted by Robert M. Hutchins, Mortimer Adler, and Allan Bloom

Perennialism Teacher's Role

• Teacher-centered to transfer prior knowledge
• The teacher is the authority

Student's Role with Perennialism

• Uses literature, history, religion, and science to teach truths
• The students must think and engage with the reading of classic works of literature, plus learn over vocational studies
• Aims for enduring intellectual growth

Psychological Foundations of the Curriculum

• Psychology deals with how humans learn and behave
• The curriculum is planned and guided by learning experiences

Curriculum Formulation

• Uses systematic reconstruction of knowledge and experiences
• Under the auspices of the learners’personal growth and competence as according to Tanner

Behaviourism

• It organizes learning
• Students master any subject

Cognitivism

• Involves logical method to organize and interpret learning
• Utilizes problem solving

Constructivism

• Centers learning on learners constructing meaning from experience

Phenomenology

• It focuses on developing human potential by prioritizing learners; the process not products, subject matter

Social Reconstructionism

• An educational philosophy that focuses on reconstructing society using schools as tools
• Students must solve real world problems and societal issues
• Founded by Theodore Brameld as response to WWII

Social Reconstructionism's Goal

• It centers curriculum to reconstruct society
• The goal is to stir and inform students to act

Education Before the Spaniards (Pre-1521)

• Focused the actiities and practical skills of daily life

Aspects of Curriculum Before the Spaniards

• Skills-based learning meant that children were taught essential survival
  • The learnings allowed children to provide hunting, fishing, farming, and weaving methods to help communities thrive
• Knowledge transfer was taught by elders as primary sources
• Epics, folklore and songs used to spread history and cultural beliefs
• Baybayin writing was used for recording

Education During the Spanish Period (1521-1896)

• Spanish schools were created to spread christianity
• The Spanish established the first schools, called escuelas de primeras letras letters schools
• They also started secondary and higher education

Religious Focus

• Religion became the main subject as controled by the church

Spanish Language

• It was used as the primary medium of instruction

Curriculum Content

• Reading. Writing Arithmetic were introduced as standards

Limited Access

• Only Spanish residents or Elites can afford school
• Women and underpriviledged citizens were limited to education

19th Century Decree

• The Spanish government introduced education for natives in 1863 establishing school for free

Jose Rizal

• He criticized the friars because they had a disproportionate amount of religion in the content
• He discouraged the students from speaking Spanish
• He had a lack of pedagogical skills
• He had irrelevant course content
• He included Science, Math, History, Philosphy, Law Religion and music to improve the content

American Period

• Manuel L. Quezon was the first president

Education System

• American modeled after U.S

Commonwealth Period

• Retained American-like education, but with more Fliipino influence
• It shifted towards flipino history

Curriculum Focus In the American Period

• Curriculum content focused on english and american values

Instruction Medium

• English was used during the American Period

Structure

• 7 year elementary system was active

Teachers

• American teachers in the beginning of the American occupation

Higher Education

• More schools were established over time

Pilosophy

• Education will train filipinos for self governing

1942 The Comission of Education

• Education was reoganized during this time

New focus of instruction

• Tagalog, filipino history were emphasized

Nippon-go language

• Instruction for other languages were cut and nippo was emphasized

Educational Deverlopment decree

• Marcos was the president at the time

Marcos Administrations

• Aims to make sure schools are responsive to the new society

K12 Program

• Bec and rbec are under gloriagayano
• Bec emphasizes 6 years of elem and 4 yeras of hs

Enhance BAsc Education

• Enhanced basic education increased 12 years for students education

Idealism

• emphasized importance of spiritual,moral

3 Main asupptions in the taba model

• thinking can be taught

Stakholders

• Shape curriculum implementaion

Learners

• core elemnts of curriculum

Buhilding curriculm phases

• Planning desigining
• implementation evolution

K12 PROGRAM

Was signed into law aquino enhanced basic acr it extends basu education global and competititve in 13 years

Matatag Curriculum by Sarah duterte August

• revice curriculum

The technical model

• everything planned to have clear step by step system

4 fundamential principles

objectives, evaluation learning experiece

• hilda taba model, activities

###Outcome BAased Education

• OBE by spady
• it is is student teaching

4 Essesntial Principles of Obe

• Clarifiy of Focus:What teachers want students to learn
• Desiging Down:tell students what they need to achieve

OBjectives(short term)

• outcomems are broader
• leaznrers whatever approach

Iverted Currrilcum MOdel

• Hilad taba theorst

Learning experiencesshould involve differeint teaching method such as

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