10 Questions
Match the following architects with their respective urban planning projects:
Friedrich Ludwig Sckell = Maxvorstadt in Munich Eduard Schaubert and Stamatios Kleanthes = Capital of the newly founded Greek state Ildefons Cerdà y Sunyer = Eixample (extension) of Barcelona George-Eugène Haussmann = Transformation of Paris
Match the following years with their respective events:
1764 = Invention of the spinning jenny 1769 = Invention of the steam engine 1804 = Introduction of the steam locomotive 1807/11 = Randel Plan for New York City
Match the following concepts with their respective descriptions:
Liberalism = State non-interference in urban development Capitalism = Production of cities as a commodity Market economy = Development of real estate and housing market Maison MIxte = Diversity of offerings to meet wide range of demand
Match the following urban development plans with their respective cities:
Commissioners' Plan = New York City Eixample Plan = Barcelona Ciudad Lineal Plan = Madrid Hobrecht Plan = Berlin
Match the following architects with their respective urban development projects:
Ludwig Förster, Friedrich von Stache, August von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll = Connection of the Inner and Outer City of Vienna James Hobrecht = Extension Plan for Berlin Frankenberg Stock Corporation = Development for Aachen George-Eugène Haussmann = Transformation of Paris
Match the following social issues with their respective descriptions:
Proletariat = Wage-earning population dependent on employers and landlords Housing shortage = Rural exodus and rising rents Overcrowding = Lack of hygiene and maximum utilization of building sites Cholera outbreak = Consequence of poor living conditions
Match the following years with their respective events:
1776 = American Revolution 1779 = French Revolution 1840 = Augustus W. N. Pugin publishes 'The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture' 1853 = Transformation of Paris by George-Eugène Haussmann
Match the following architects with their respective styles:
Ildefons Cerdà y Sunyer = Gridiron pattern George-Eugène Haussmann = Haussmannian urban planning Friedrich Ludwig Sckell = Classical architecture Ludwig Förster = Ringstrasse style
Match the following urban development concepts with their respective descriptions:
Gridiron pattern = Rectangular block system Haussmannian urban planning = Broad avenues and boulevards Ringstrasse style = Circular boulevard with monumental buildings Linear city = Linear development with industrial areas
Match the following urban development projects with their respective characteristics:
Maison Mixte = Mixed-use development with residential and commercial areas Ciudad Lineal = Linear development with industrial areas Eixample Plan = Gridiron pattern with broad avenues Hobrecht Plan = Radial-concentric layout with monumental buildings
Study Notes
Political Revolutions and Nation States
- 1776 and 1779: Political revolutions in America and France lead to a new understanding of constitutions and civil rights, transforming subjects into citizens of a nation-state.
- National capitals emerged, with public buildings such as museums, libraries, hospitals, universities, and schools being built, while private sectors handled remaining development.
Urban Planning and Development
- 1808: Maxvorstadt in Munich was developed by Friedrich Ludwig Sckell, extending the residential city of the Bavarian princes into a capital.
- 1833: Athens was developed by Eduard Schaubert and Stamatios Kleanthes, becoming the capital of the newly founded Greek state.
Industrial Revolution
- 1764: Invention of the spinning jenny marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
- 1769: Invention of the steam engine led to mechanization of processes and mass production of manufactured and agricultural goods.
- Industrial Revolution changed cities through the construction of factories, transportation facilities, and railways, leading to population growth and urbanization.
Urban Development and City Planning
- 1811: Commissioners' Plan (Gridiron) for New York City was developed, based on the Randel Plan of 1807/11.
- 1859: Eixample (extension) of Barcelona was developed by Ildefons Cerdà y Sunyer.
- 1882: Ciudad Linéal (linear city) in Madrid was developed by Arturo Soria y Mata.
Urban Transformation and Social Issues
- Industrial urban transformation was driven by the propertied bourgeoisie, who sought high returns through real estate and housing markets.
- Urban development became a commodity, with favorable locations and diverse offerings meeting a wide range of demands.
- Alignment plans and parceling of plots became essential tools.
Urban Planning and Social Reform
- 1853: Transformation of Paris by George-Eugène Haussmann.
- 1859: Connection of the Inner and Outer City of Vienna («Ringstrasse») by Ludwig Förster, Friedrich von Stache, August von Sicardsburg, and Eduard van der Nüll.
- 1862: Extension Plan for Berlin by James Hobrecht («Hobrecht plan»).
- 1872: Development by the Frankenberg Stock Corporation for Aachen.
- Social question: grievances of the wage-earning population, with workers facing housing shortages, overcrowding, and lack of hygiene.
- Criticisms of urbanization by Augustus W.Pugin (1840) and Friedrich Engels (1845).
- Remedies for the social question: urban hygiene, codification through laws, and academization of urbanism.
This quiz covers the significant events and impact of the American and French Revolutions on the development of modern nation-states and civil rights. It explores how these revolutions transformed the relationship between citizens and governments.
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