Amazon RDS and Auto Scaling Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a significant risk associated with data replication in the context of a primary Amazon RDS instance?

  • Increased latency during data access
  • Data inconsistency due to network partition (correct)
  • Unrestricted access to sensitive data
  • Higher storage costs without performance benefits

Which component is typically referred to as the primary in an Amazon RDS setup?

  • Read Replica
  • Backup instance
  • Transactional database
  • Amazon RDS instance (correct)

What can occur if a network partition affects the Amazon RDS setup?

  • Read replicas will synchronize automatically
  • All replicas will function independently (correct)
  • Data will be permanently lost
  • Transactions will be logged consistently

In a situation of data inconsistency, what is a common consequence for users accessing the database?

<p>Conflicting information from different instances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored to ensure consistency in an Amazon RDS environment?

<p>Data replication processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of Auto Scaling in Amazon Web Services?

<p>Automatic resizing of compute clusters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Auto Scaling determine when to scale the resources?

<p>Using Amazon CloudWatch metrics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of using Auto Scaling?

<p>Replaces unhealthy EC2 instances automatically (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of provisioning capacity is highlighted in the example of Amazon.com traffic?

<p>Variations in user request frequency across the week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What configurations can be set with Auto Scaling regarding compute resources?

<p>Maximum and minimum pool sizes can be defined (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of instances can be used in Auto Scaling?

<p>Both On-Demand and Spot Instances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Amazon's weekly traffic is correct?

<p>Traffic on Sundays is usually lower than on weekdays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of provisioning capacity mentioned in the context of November traffic?

<p>There is a significant difference in traffic load compared to previous months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue with monoliths regarding scalability?

<p>They don’t scale well due to lack of modularity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of breaking apart a monolith into smaller services?

<p>Improved resource allocation and management. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a service-oriented architecture, what role does an EC2 instance typically fulfill?

<p>A platform for running individual application modules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which module is likely not associated with the online shopping app's functionality?

<p>Meteorology module (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of monolithic architecture affects availability?

<p>A single failure can bring down the entire system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does service-oriented architecture improve upon the limitations of monolithic systems?

<p>By allowing individual services to scale independently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about breaking apart monolithic systems?

<p>It might increase overall application complexity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the approach of separating a complex monolithic application into smaller, manageable services?

<p>Microservices architecture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of AWS Regions?

<p>To define the location of data and facilitate disaster recovery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Availability Zones (AZs) must exist in each AWS Region?

<p>At least 3 AZs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of AWS Local Zones?

<p>They extend AWS infrastructure to urban centers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes an Availability Zone (AZ)?

<p>A collection of data centers designed for redundancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding AWS Points of Presence?

<p>They host content delivery services like Amazon CloudFront. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice should be implemented for building a reliable infrastructure?

<p>Implement redundancy at every level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it appropriate to move from SQL to NoSQL databases?

<p>If and when it makes sense for the project (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of caching data inside and outside the infrastructure?

<p>To improve data retrieval speed and reduce latency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which service can be classified as self-scaling?

<p>Application Load Balancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of splitting tiers into individual services?

<p>Enhanced performance and scalability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be prioritized to ensure robust monitoring?

<p>Good metrics, monitoring, and logging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested approach for utilizing the AWS ecosystem efficiently?

<p>Make use of self-scaling services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical step after implementing Auto Scaling?

<p>Ensure proper metrics monitoring is in place (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of using purpose-built databases?

<p>They allow for easier management of data correctness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which AWS service is designed for graph data management?

<p>Amazon Neptune (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of database management, what does sharding refer to?

<p>Distributing a single dataset across multiple hosts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Amazon QLDB?

<p>A ledger database for immutable transaction logs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which database framework is essentially a key-value store?

<p>Amazon DynamoDB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a potential solution for addressing database issues?

<p>Federation by splitting into multiple databases based on function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of purpose-built databases?

<p>They can significantly enhance performance for specific use cases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which AWS service would be ideal for managing documents with MongoDB compatibility?

<p>Amazon DocumentDB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

AWS Region

A geographic area where AWS data centers are located. It defines the region where your data will be stored and processed.

Availability Zone (AZ)

A cluster of data centers within an AWS Region, providing high availability and fault tolerance. They have independent power and networking.

Point of Presence (POP)

A network location that hosts AWS content delivery services, enabling content delivery to users closer to their geographic location.

AWS Local Zones

A region extension that provides AWS services within major cities and industrial centers, offering low latency and a local presence.

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AWS Outposts

A service that extends AWS infrastructure to your on-premises data center, allowing you to run AWS services on-premises and process data locally.

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Relational Database

A type of database that stores data in tables with rows and columns, offering efficient data storage and retrieval.

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Data Replication

A copy of data from a source database, maintained for backup or other purposes.

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Network Partition

A temporary disruption in network connectivity, causing data inconsistency between connected systems.

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Data Consistency

The integrity and accuracy of data throughout a system, ensuring consistency across multiple copies.

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Transaction Instance

A system that ensures data consistency and availability, often used for high-value transactions.

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Monolith architecture

A single, large application that encompasses all functionalities of a system.

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Scalability

The ability of a system to handle increasing workloads without compromising performance or reliability.

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Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

A software design approach that breaks down a monolithic application into smaller, independent services that communicate with each other.

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Single point of failure

The risk of a single point of failure in a monolithic application, where a single component failure can bring down the whole system.

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Availability

The ability of a system to continue operating even when there are failures in individual components.

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Breaking apart the monolith

The process of breaking down a monolithic application into independent services, each responsible for a specific functionality.

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High availability

The ability of a system to handle a large influx of requests without performance degradation.

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Microservices

A software design principle that encourages creating independent, loosely coupled services that can be easily deployed and scaled.

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Typical Weekly Traffic

A weekly pattern that shows how much traffic a website receives each day, helpful for planning and optimization.

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Provisioned Capacity

The total amount of resources allocated for a service, including servers, storage, and network capacity.

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Auto Scaling

A feature that automatically adjusts the number of computing resources (like servers) based on demand, ensuring optimal performance and cost efficiency.

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Auto Scaling Across Multiple AZs

The capability of Auto Scaling to dynamically add or remove computing instances across different geographic locations (Availability Zones) for increased resilience.

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Minimum/Maximum Pool Sizes

Setting limits on the minimum and maximum number of computing instances that Auto Scaling maintains at any given time.

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Replace Unhealthy EC2 Instances

The ability of Auto Scaling to automatically replace unhealthy or malfunctioning computing instances, preserving service uptime and reliability.

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On-Demand or Spot Instances

Auto Scaling can utilize different types of computing instances, offering flexibility and cost control.

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Auto Scaling is not just for EC2!

A key feature of Auto Scaling that goes beyond just EC2 instances, allowing it to manage various cloud services and optimize their resources based on variations in demand.

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Graph Database

A type of database that stores data in a graph structure, representing relationships between different data points.

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Key-Value Database

A type of database that stores data in key-value pairs, optimized for rapid data retrieval and storage.

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Document Database

A type of database designed for storing and managing data in a structured document format, often used for storing JSON-like documents.

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Federation (Database Strategy)

A strategy for distributing data across multiple databases to improve scalability and performance.

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Sharding (Database Strategy)

A technique for dividing a dataset into smaller chunks and storing them across different servers to distribute workload and enhance performance.

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Ledger Database

A type of database specifically designed for storing and managing data with a focus on order, immutability, and provenance.

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Multi-region Replication

A data management solution that ensures consistency across multiple geographically dispersed databases by replicating data across regions.

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Geo-tracking Database

A database designed for storing and managing geospatial data such as location coordinates, addresses, and maps.

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Multi-AZ Deployment

Using multiple availability zones to ensure your application remains operational even if one zone fails. This offers crucial redundancy.

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Data Caching

Leveraging cached data to improve performance by reducing the need to access the original data source.

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Infrastructure Automation

Using tools to automate tasks like provisioning infrastructure, deploying applications, and managing configurations.

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Monitoring, Logging, & Metrics

Ensuring your system is constantly monitored for performance, errors, and resource utilization with metrics, logs, and alerts.

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Don't Reinvent the Wheel

Using established solutions and best practices instead of reinventing the wheel, saving time and effort.

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Study Notes

Scaling on AWS

  • The presentation is about scaling up to 10 million users on AWS.
  • A quick search for "scaling on AWS" yields roughly 20 million results, but this is not the specific focus.
  • Key considerations for scaling include managing users, maintaining performance (including multiple geographies), detecting and responding to incidents, maintaining business continuity, security and compliance, development and testing, managing change, tracking and managing costs, optimizing for cost and minimizing the carbon footprint.
  • Essential requirements for scaling include a global infrastructure, availability zones, and points of presence.

AWS Global Infrastructure

  • AWS has 34 regions and 108 availability zones (AZs).
  • The infrastructure has a private backbone network and more than 600 points of presence.
  • AWS regions aid in data location definition, protecting against legal risks (like GDPR), and supporting disaster recovery.
  • Availability Zones (AZs) are clusters of data centers, with at least 3 AZs per region. AZs provide protection against technical failures.

Points of Presence

  • Points of presence (POPs) are used to host content delivery services, like Amazon CloudFront.
  • POPs cannot be used directly by themselves.

AWS Local Zones

  • AWS Local Zones are region extensions in major cities and industrial centers.

AWS Wavelength

  • AWS Wavelength extends AWS cloud infrastructure to stadiums and venues using 5G.
  • It facilitates data processing and analytics, as well as streaming, close to end-users.
  • Services like sensor data, deep analytics, image processing, and streaming are supported.

AWS Outposts

  • AWS Outposts extend AWS infrastructure to on-premises data centers.
  • Outposts support ultra low-latency applications, local data processing, and local data storage.

Breadth and Depth of AWS Services

  • AWS offers over 200 fully featured services for analytics, business applications, blockchain, security, identity, compliance, databases, compute, hybrid architecture, internet of things (IoT), and machine learning.
  • Specific technologies include managed SQL servers, managed MySQL, managed PostgreSQL, managed Oracle, Aurora, DynamoDB, RDS, and more.

Considerations

  • The presentation emphasizes the importance of reversible decisions and two-way doors. This is presented as a principle for decisions in scaling.

Autoscaling

  • Auto Scaling automates the resizing of compute clusters across multiple availability zones.
  • It adjusts based on minimum/maximum pool sizes and Amazon CloudWatch metrics.
  • It aids in replacing unhealthy EC2 instances and handles on-demand or spot instances.
  • Auto Scaling isn't just for EC2 instances; it extends to other services like Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon Aurora replicas, Amazon Elastic Container Service (ECS), Elasticache (Redis) replication groups, and other services.

Typical Read/Write Ratio

  • The presentation offers a pie chart that shows that the user's application's read to write requests are roughly a 70/30 ratio.

Database Options

  • Self-managed options include Amazon EC2.
  • Fully managed options include Amazon RDS, Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon Neptune, and Amazon Aurora, among others.

Amazon RDS

  • Amazon RDS provides a managed relational database service.
  • It handles daily maintenance, security patches, and software updates.
  • Supported engines encompass MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server, and Amazon Aurora.

Amazon Aurora

  • Aurora supports MySQL or PostgreSQL and also provides continuous incremental backups, six-way replication, and automatic storage scaling.
  • Aurora serverless v2 allows on-demand and automatic scaling suitable for variable workloads, while offering pay-per-second pricing.

Amazon DynamoDB

  • DynamoDB is a managed NoSQL database with provisions and on-demand pricing options.
  • It offers features like fast, predictable performance and global, multi-region table support.

Choosing Between Relational and NoSQL Databases

  • Relational databases use established well-known technology and strong schema constraints to prevent data corruption while offering scalability for millions of users.
  • NoSQL databases are purpose-built for more freedom to design data models and are frequently faster in handling certain task workloads (like graph, geo-spatial, key-value, and document-oriented workloads).

Amazon Cognito

  • Amazon Cognito is a service that handles authorizations and identity for web and mobile applications.
  • Cognito is able to integrate with other AWS services and manage user directories.

Amazon S3

  • Amazon S3 is an object-based storage service with high durability.
  • It can manage objects of infinite scale and up to 5 TB.
  • Encryption is supported in both transit and at rest.

Amazon CloudFront

  • Amazon CloudFront is a content delivery network (CDN).
  • It caches content for faster delivery to users, handles dynamic and static content effectively, provides streaming ability, custom SSL certificates, and short time to live (TTL).

Horizontal Scaling

  • Horizontal scaling involves adding more servers to distribute workload across multiple instances.

Load Balancing

  • Methods for sharing a load across applications include application load balancers and network load balancers.

Application Load Balancer

  • Application Load Balancer (ALB) is a highly available service.
  • It handles health checks, session stickiness, monitoring, logging, and content-based routing.

Data Consistency

  • Maintaining consistent data across replicated databases is crucial, especially with high user volumes.
  • Maintaining appropriate network partition avoidance and data replication support is necessary.

Microservices Architecture

  • A microservices architecture involves breaking down a large application into smaller, independent services.
  • This allows greater flexibility, easier scaling, independence for separate components, and potential for better understanding.

AWS X-Ray

  • X-Ray is an instrument for troubleshooting and performance improvement across microservices applications.
  • Functionality is targeted to identify bottlenecks, pinpoint issues specific to components of an application, measure the impact of issues on each user, and visualize the service call graph of the entire application.

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