Amazon CloudWatch Metrics
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of Prometheus?

  • Query language for accessing the time series
  • Metric collection in form of time series
  • Storage by a time series database
  • Ability to manage and control Kubernetes clusters (correct)

    • Based on the information provided, which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between Amazon CloudWatch and Prometheus?

  • Prometheus is a component within Amazon CloudWatch, providing advanced monitoring capabilities for specific use cases.
  • Amazon CloudWatch is a commercial alternative to Prometheus, offering similar functionality but with additional features and integration with AWS services. (correct)
  • Amazon CloudWatch is built on top of Prometheus, leveraging its open-source capabilities for its core monitoring functions.
  • Prometheus is a direct competitor to Amazon CloudWatch, offering superior performance and a more flexible architecture.

    • What is the primary purpose of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation?

  • Developing and maintaining cloud-based operating systems.
  • Creating and distributing proprietary software for cloud computing environments.
  • Providing technical support for cloud service providers like Amazon Web Services.
  • Promoting and supporting the adoption of cloud-native technologies. (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of the mon-put-data command in Amazon CloudWatch's command line interface?

    <p>To add data points for user-defined metrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which of the following metrics is NOT typically monitored by Amazon CloudWatch?

    <p>Number of concurrent users accessing a web application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration for which CloudWatch stores data with 1-minute granularity?

    <p>2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the primary difference between basic monitoring and detailed monitoring in Amazon CloudWatch?

    <p>Detailed monitoring offers a higher sampling frequency and provides more granular data points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a time series database for storing monitoring metrics?

    <p>Time series databases can handle large volumes of data with consistent performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method to access Amazon CloudWatch?

    <p>Graphical user interface (GUI) tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an exporter in Prometheus?

    <p>To collect and aggregate metrics from various sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Prometheus handle alerts?

    <p>Prometheus relies on a separate component called Alertmanager for alert management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a key benefit of using Grafana with Prometheus?

    <p>Grafana provides a user-friendly interface for visualizing and exploring data from Prometheus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of log files, as described in the text?

    <p>Logs are sequences of immutable records representing discrete events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Prometheus achieve scalability?

    <p>By employing a hierarchical federation of servers, allowing for distributed data collection and processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'for' clause in a Prometheus alert rule?

    <p>The 'for' clause specifies the minimum duration an alert condition must be true before the alert is triggered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Prometheus?

    <p>Offers built-in support for distributed tracing and application profiling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a PostgreSQL exporter typically deployed?

    <p>As a separate application running alongside the PostgreSQL database.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'expr' clause in a Prometheus alert rule?

    <p>To define the metric and condition for triggering the alert.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of "Log Normalization" in log analysis best practices?

    <p>Ensuring all logs are stored in a consistent format, regardless of the source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of properly structured logs?

    <p>Automating the process of creating new log entries for specific events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between log streams and log groups in AWS CloudWatch Logs?

    <p>Log streams represent individual log files, while log groups cluster multiple streams from various sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of "Artificial Ignorance" in log analysis best practices?

    <p>It involves ignoring irrelevant log entries to focus on critical events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CloudWatch Logs Insight enable real-time processing of logs?

    <p>By integrating with Kinesis Analytics or Lambda for real-time processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the distributed tracing approach described as "Google Dapper"?

    <p>It focuses on analyzing the performance of individual services in isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CloudWatch Logs facilitate log analysis and visualization?

    <p>By providing a query language specifically designed for log analysis with visualization capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of capturing the interaction of different services in "Distributed Tracing"?

    <p>To identify potential bottlenecks or errors that may occur between services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between traditional log analysis and CloudWatch Logs Insight?

    <p>Traditional log analysis is limited to static log files, while CloudWatch Logs Insight supports real-time processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Logstash in relation to data?

    <p>Transforms and filters data while deriving structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functionality is NOT provided by X-Pack?

    <p>Data visualization in Logstash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data does Filebeat primarily collect?

    <p>Logs and log files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does the Aggregator Framework serve within the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Perform complex data analysis and summarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of Beats in the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Collect data from various sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the Elastic Stack does NOT contribute to logging beyond debugging?

    <p>Performance monitoring capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a use of geo-location lookups in Logstash?

    <p>Mapping user behavior based on location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the SQL interface in the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Facilitate simpler queries for data retrieval from Elasticsearch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of parsing in Logstash?

    <p>To convert raw data into structured data formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is TRUE about the backward compatibility of Protobuf?

    <p>New trace formats can be processed with old tools and old trace formats can be processed with new tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is FALSE about Protobuf?

    <p>Protobuf uses an ASCII representation to make it more human-readable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using Protobuf over ASCII representation for logs?

    <p>Protobuf is more efficient in terms of space and time for processing large data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a benefit of using structured logs?

    <p>Structured logs are typically very small in size, making them efficient to store.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements best describes the use of structured logs?

    <p>Structured logs are primarily used for storing and analyzing large amounts of data, particularly in applications with complex operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might ASCII representation for logs be considered inefficient?

    <p>ASCII representation requires more space to store the same amount of information compared to binary formats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of Protobuf over other binary formats for logs?

    <p>Protobuf is more flexible and extensible, allowing for the evolution of log formats without breaking compatibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these characteristics of Protobuf makes it suitable for logging?

    <p>Its support for multiple programming languages and its ability to evolve over time without breaking compatibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes the purpose of Protobuf?

    <p>Protobuf is a format for storing and transmitting structured data in a compact and efficient way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Aggregator Framework in the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Complex data analysis and summarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data does Filebeat primarily collect?

    <p>Logs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Logstash in relation to data?

    <p>Parsing, transforming, and filtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using X-Pack with the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Security and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Beats in the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Kibana?

    <p>Data visualization and exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of adaptive sampling in the context of Dapper?

    <p>To reduce the overall size of trace data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using asynchronous writes in Dapper?

    <p>To reduce the overhead of trace generation and collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of coalescing events in Dapper?

    <p>To reduce the overhead of trace generation and collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of the Dapper Depot API?

    <p>Access to traces via trace id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of indexed access in the Dapper Depot API?

    <p>To improve the performance of trace data retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using Open Telemetry (OTel) over other distributed tracing solutions?

    <p>It is a merger of Open Tracing and Open Census</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of runtime verification in the context of distributed tracing?

    <p>To provide greater assurance than source code audits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using policy-based isolation in distributed tracing?

    <p>It enables proper use of authentication or encryption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Elasticsearch primarily organize data into?

    <p>Indexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Logstash's primary function?

    <p>Data parsing and filtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of Kibana?

    <p>Dashboard creation and visualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Elastic Stack does X-Pack primarily enhance?

    <p>Security and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data do Beats primarily collect?

    <p>Log and metrics data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of Elasticsearch allows it to scale effectively?

    <p>Distributed architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Monitoring and Logging

    • Metrics monitored by Amazon CloudWatch:
      • CPU utilization, data transfer, and disk usage for EC2 instances
      • Read/write latency for EBS volumes
      • Request counts and latency for load balancer
      • Number of messages sent for Simple Queueing Service (SQS) queues
      • Freely available memory and storage for RDS DB instances
      • Custom application and system metrics
    • Data provided by CloudWatch:
      • Frequency: every second to 5 minutes depending on the data and account
      • Data with < 1 minute granularity stored for three hours
      • Data with 1 minute granularity stored for two weeks
      • Data with 1 hour granularity stored for 15 months
    • Actions available in CloudWatch:
      • View graphs and statistics
      • Set alarms
    • Access to CloudWatch:
      • Management Console web interface
      • Command-line interface
      • Libraries for Java, Script languages, Windows.Net
      • Web Service API

    Custom Metrics and Alarms

    • Defining custom metrics:
      • Use the command line interface (mon-put-data) to specify data points
      • Can specify multiple aggregated data points (sum, minimum, maximum, SampleCount)
    • Getting access statistics:
      • Use the command line interface (mon-get-stats) to retrieve statistics

    Pricing and Limits

    • Pricing:
      • Basic monitoring is free (standard metrics every 5 minutes)
      • Detailed monitoring of EC2 instances every minute
      • Each alarm, each custom metric, and CloudWatch API calls incur costs
    • Free Tier:
      • 10 Detailed Monitoring Metrics (at 1-minute frequency)
      • 1 Million API requests (not applicable to GetMetricData and GetMetricWidgetImage)
      • 3 Dashboards for up to 50 metrics per month
      • 10 Alarm metrics (not applicable to high-resolution alarms)
      • 5GB Data (ingestion, archive storage, and data scanned by Logs Insights queries)

    Prometheus

    • Features:
      • Metric collection in the form of time series
      • Storage by a time series database
      • Query language for accessing the time series
      • Alerting
      • Visualization
    • Alerting:
      • Separated into Prometheus server and Alertmanager
      • Rules determine an alert (e.g., HighRequestLatency)
      • Alertmanager manages alerts, including silencing, inhibition, grouping, and sending notifications

    Visualization and Scalability

    • Visualization with Grafana:
      • Open-source platform for visualization
      • Prometheus is one of the possible data sources
      • Connect through IP address and port
      • Create your own dashboard
    • Scalability:
      • Hierarchical federation of servers

    Logs

    • Definition:
      • A log is a sequence of immutable records of discrete events
      • Generated by applications, system level, infrastructure, and devices
    • Logging levels:
      • Configuration allows drilling down
      • Difficulty in analyzing logs
    • Representation:
      • ASCII (easily readable but inefficient with respect to space and time)
      • Binary (more efficient, e.g., protobuf from Google)

    Logstash and Kibana

    • Logstash:
      • Supports parsing for predefined patterns (grok patterns)
      • Transforms and filters
      • Derives structure
      • Anonymizes personal data
      • Geo-location lookups
    • Kibana:
      • Open-source platform for visualization
      • X-Pack provides extensions to ELK:
        • Authentication and authorization
        • Monitoring ELK
        • Alerting
        • Report generation of Kibana contents
        • Machine learning (e.g., anomaly detection and forecasting)
        • SQL interface for Elastic Search

    Beats and Application of Log Processing

    • Beats:
      • Agents to collect data
      • Filebeat for logs
      • Metricbeat for metrics
      • Heartbeat for health
    • Application of Log Processing:
      • Logging has other uses besides debugging and performance monitoring
      • Properly structured logs help with:
        • Incident root cause analysis
        • Anomaly detection
        • Fault prediction and predictive maintenance
        • Detecting and responding to Data Breaches and Other Security Incidents
        • Ensuring Compliance with Security Policies, Regulations & Audits
      • Best practices for log analysis:
        • Pattern Detection and Recognition
        • Log Normalization
        • Classification and Tagging
        • Correlation Analysis
        • Artificial Ignorance

    AWS CloudWatch Logs

    • Allows storing and analyzing logs from Amazon Services and applications
    • Log group:
      • Clusters several log streams from multiple sources
      • Metrics can be extracted from log statements automatically and inserted into CloudWatch metrics
    • Retention period can be controlled
    • Analysis via CloudWatch Logs Insight:
      • Special query language for analysis with support for log entry fields from AWS service logs and JSON-based application logs
      • Support for visualization of query results
    • Real-time processing via:
      • Streaming to Kinesis analytics service or Lambda
      • Streaming to your Amazon OpenSearch Service cluster supporting OpenSearch and Elasticsearch

    ELK Stack for Log Processing

    • ELK stack consists of Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana
    • It's open source and free, suitable for logs and metrics
    • Elastic Stack is an extension of ELK, adding Beats and X-Pack

    Elasticsearch

    • Distributed data store, search, and analytics engine based on Apache Lucene
    • NoSQL database, organized in indexes
    • Each index is a collection of documents (JSON objects), with a schema-free structure
    • Automatically extends schema as new documents are added
    • Distributed, scales horizontally using multiple servers (nodes) for availability and fault tolerance
    • Indexes are stored in shards (primary and replicas) on nodes, forming a cluster

    Logstash

    • Supports parsing for predefined patterns (grok patterns)
    • Performs transforms and filters
    • Derives structure from data
    • Anonymizes personal data
    • Supports geo-location lookups
    • Has various filter plugins available

    X-Pack

    • Extensions to ELK, providing:
      • Authentication and authorization
      • Monitoring ELK
      • Alerting
      • Report generation of Kibana contents
      • Machine learning (anomaly detection and forecasting)
      • SQL interface for Elasticsearch

    Beats

    • Agents for collecting data
    • Includes Filebeat for logs, Metricbeat for metrics, and Heartbeat for health
    • Provides integrations for data injection from major systems

    Kibana

    • No detailed information provided

    Managing Overheads

    • Trace generation and collection overheads
    • Amount of resources required to store and analyze trace data
    • Coalescing events reduces overheads
    • Asynchronous writes reduce application tracing overhead

    Adaptive Sampling

    • Sampling rate adjusts based on application throughput
    • Reduces overall size and meets Bigtable throughput limits
    • Trace ID determines data collection

    Dapper Tools

    • Dapper Depot API provides access to traces via trace ID, bulk access, and indexed access
    • Indexed access uses a single index, combining service name and host name

    Open Source Alternative

    • Open Telemetry (OTel) is a merger of Open Tracing and Open Census
    • Originally developed by Google from 2001-2008, now open source and maintained by Google
    • Uses protocol buffers (protobuf) for data structure definition and serialization

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    Related Documents

    CloudMonitoring.pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers the metrics monitored by Amazon CloudWatch, including EC2 instances, EBS volumes, load balancers, SQS queues, RDS DB instances, and custom application and system metrics.

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