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Amazon CloudWatch Metrics
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Amazon CloudWatch Metrics

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@FeatureRichButtercup

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of Prometheus?

  • Query language for accessing the time series
  • Metric collection in form of time series
  • Storage by a time series database
  • Ability to manage and control Kubernetes clusters (correct)

    • Based on the information provided, which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between Amazon CloudWatch and Prometheus?

  • Prometheus is a component within Amazon CloudWatch, providing advanced monitoring capabilities for specific use cases.
  • Amazon CloudWatch is a commercial alternative to Prometheus, offering similar functionality but with additional features and integration with AWS services. (correct)
  • Amazon CloudWatch is built on top of Prometheus, leveraging its open-source capabilities for its core monitoring functions.
  • Prometheus is a direct competitor to Amazon CloudWatch, offering superior performance and a more flexible architecture.

    • What is the primary purpose of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation?

  • Developing and maintaining cloud-based operating systems.
  • Creating and distributing proprietary software for cloud computing environments.
  • Providing technical support for cloud service providers like Amazon Web Services.
  • Promoting and supporting the adoption of cloud-native technologies. (correct)

    • What is the main purpose of the mon-put-data command in Amazon CloudWatch's command line interface?

    <p>To add data points for user-defined metrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which of the following metrics is NOT typically monitored by Amazon CloudWatch?

    <p>Number of concurrent users accessing a web application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duration for which CloudWatch stores data with 1-minute granularity?

    <p>2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is the primary difference between basic monitoring and detailed monitoring in Amazon CloudWatch?

    <p>Detailed monitoring offers a higher sampling frequency and provides more granular data points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a time series database for storing monitoring metrics?

    <p>Time series databases can handle large volumes of data with consistent performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method to access Amazon CloudWatch?

    <p>Graphical user interface (GUI) tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an exporter in Prometheus?

    <p>To collect and aggregate metrics from various sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Prometheus handle alerts?

    <p>Prometheus relies on a separate component called Alertmanager for alert management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a key benefit of using Grafana with Prometheus?

    <p>Grafana provides a user-friendly interface for visualizing and exploring data from Prometheus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of log files, as described in the text?

    <p>Logs are sequences of immutable records representing discrete events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Prometheus achieve scalability?

    <p>By employing a hierarchical federation of servers, allowing for distributed data collection and processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'for' clause in a Prometheus alert rule?

    <p>The 'for' clause specifies the minimum duration an alert condition must be true before the alert is triggered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Prometheus?

    <p>Offers built-in support for distributed tracing and application profiling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a PostgreSQL exporter typically deployed?

    <p>As a separate application running alongside the PostgreSQL database.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'expr' clause in a Prometheus alert rule?

    <p>To define the metric and condition for triggering the alert.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of "Log Normalization" in log analysis best practices?

    <p>Ensuring all logs are stored in a consistent format, regardless of the source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of properly structured logs?

    <p>Automating the process of creating new log entries for specific events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between log streams and log groups in AWS CloudWatch Logs?

    <p>Log streams represent individual log files, while log groups cluster multiple streams from various sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of "Artificial Ignorance" in log analysis best practices?

    <p>It involves ignoring irrelevant log entries to focus on critical events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CloudWatch Logs Insight enable real-time processing of logs?

    <p>By integrating with Kinesis Analytics or Lambda for real-time processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the distributed tracing approach described as "Google Dapper"?

    <p>It focuses on analyzing the performance of individual services in isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CloudWatch Logs facilitate log analysis and visualization?

    <p>By providing a query language specifically designed for log analysis with visualization capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of capturing the interaction of different services in "Distributed Tracing"?

    <p>To identify potential bottlenecks or errors that may occur between services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between traditional log analysis and CloudWatch Logs Insight?

    <p>Traditional log analysis is limited to static log files, while CloudWatch Logs Insight supports real-time processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Logstash in relation to data?

    <p>Transforms and filters data while deriving structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functionality is NOT provided by X-Pack?

    <p>Data visualization in Logstash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data does Filebeat primarily collect?

    <p>Logs and log files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does the Aggregator Framework serve within the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Perform complex data analysis and summarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of Beats in the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Collect data from various sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the Elastic Stack does NOT contribute to logging beyond debugging?

    <p>Performance monitoring capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a use of geo-location lookups in Logstash?

    <p>Mapping user behavior based on location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the SQL interface in the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Facilitate simpler queries for data retrieval from Elasticsearch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of parsing in Logstash?

    <p>To convert raw data into structured data formats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is TRUE about the backward compatibility of Protobuf?

    <p>New trace formats can be processed with old tools and old trace formats can be processed with new tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is FALSE about Protobuf?

    <p>Protobuf uses an ASCII representation to make it more human-readable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using Protobuf over ASCII representation for logs?

    <p>Protobuf is more efficient in terms of space and time for processing large data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a benefit of using structured logs?

    <p>Structured logs are typically very small in size, making them efficient to store.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements best describes the use of structured logs?

    <p>Structured logs are primarily used for storing and analyzing large amounts of data, particularly in applications with complex operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might ASCII representation for logs be considered inefficient?

    <p>ASCII representation requires more space to store the same amount of information compared to binary formats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of Protobuf over other binary formats for logs?

    <p>Protobuf is more flexible and extensible, allowing for the evolution of log formats without breaking compatibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these characteristics of Protobuf makes it suitable for logging?

    <p>Its support for multiple programming languages and its ability to evolve over time without breaking compatibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes the purpose of Protobuf?

    <p>Protobuf is a format for storing and transmitting structured data in a compact and efficient way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Aggregator Framework in the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Complex data analysis and summarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data does Filebeat primarily collect?

    <p>Logs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Logstash in relation to data?

    <p>Parsing, transforming, and filtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using X-Pack with the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Security and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Beats in the Elastic Stack?

    <p>Data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Kibana?

    <p>Data visualization and exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of adaptive sampling in the context of Dapper?

    <p>To reduce the overall size of trace data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using asynchronous writes in Dapper?

    <p>To reduce the overhead of trace generation and collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of coalescing events in Dapper?

    <p>To reduce the overhead of trace generation and collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of the Dapper Depot API?

    <p>Access to traces via trace id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of indexed access in the Dapper Depot API?

    <p>To improve the performance of trace data retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using Open Telemetry (OTel) over other distributed tracing solutions?

    <p>It is a merger of Open Tracing and Open Census</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of runtime verification in the context of distributed tracing?

    <p>To provide greater assurance than source code audits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using policy-based isolation in distributed tracing?

    <p>It enables proper use of authentication or encryption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Elasticsearch primarily organize data into?

    <p>Indexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Logstash's primary function?

    <p>Data parsing and filtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of Kibana?

    <p>Dashboard creation and visualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Elastic Stack does X-Pack primarily enhance?

    <p>Security and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data do Beats primarily collect?

    <p>Log and metrics data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of Elasticsearch allows it to scale effectively?

    <p>Distributed architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Monitoring and Logging

    • Metrics monitored by Amazon CloudWatch:
      • CPU utilization, data transfer, and disk usage for EC2 instances
      • Read/write latency for EBS volumes
      • Request counts and latency for load balancer
      • Number of messages sent for Simple Queueing Service (SQS) queues
      • Freely available memory and storage for RDS DB instances
      • Custom application and system metrics
    • Data provided by CloudWatch:
      • Frequency: every second to 5 minutes depending on the data and account
      • Data with < 1 minute granularity stored for three hours
      • Data with 1 minute granularity stored for two weeks
      • Data with 1 hour granularity stored for 15 months
    • Actions available in CloudWatch:
      • View graphs and statistics
      • Set alarms
    • Access to CloudWatch:
      • Management Console web interface
      • Command-line interface
      • Libraries for Java, Script languages, Windows.Net
      • Web Service API

    Custom Metrics and Alarms

    • Defining custom metrics:
      • Use the command line interface (mon-put-data) to specify data points
      • Can specify multiple aggregated data points (sum, minimum, maximum, SampleCount)
    • Getting access statistics:
      • Use the command line interface (mon-get-stats) to retrieve statistics

    Pricing and Limits

    • Pricing:
      • Basic monitoring is free (standard metrics every 5 minutes)
      • Detailed monitoring of EC2 instances every minute
      • Each alarm, each custom metric, and CloudWatch API calls incur costs
    • Free Tier:
      • 10 Detailed Monitoring Metrics (at 1-minute frequency)
      • 1 Million API requests (not applicable to GetMetricData and GetMetricWidgetImage)
      • 3 Dashboards for up to 50 metrics per month
      • 10 Alarm metrics (not applicable to high-resolution alarms)
      • 5GB Data (ingestion, archive storage, and data scanned by Logs Insights queries)

    Prometheus

    • Features:
      • Metric collection in the form of time series
      • Storage by a time series database
      • Query language for accessing the time series
      • Alerting
      • Visualization
    • Alerting:
      • Separated into Prometheus server and Alertmanager
      • Rules determine an alert (e.g., HighRequestLatency)
      • Alertmanager manages alerts, including silencing, inhibition, grouping, and sending notifications

    Visualization and Scalability

    • Visualization with Grafana:
      • Open-source platform for visualization
      • Prometheus is one of the possible data sources
      • Connect through IP address and port
      • Create your own dashboard
    • Scalability:
      • Hierarchical federation of servers

    Logs

    • Definition:
      • A log is a sequence of immutable records of discrete events
      • Generated by applications, system level, infrastructure, and devices
    • Logging levels:
      • Configuration allows drilling down
      • Difficulty in analyzing logs
    • Representation:
      • ASCII (easily readable but inefficient with respect to space and time)
      • Binary (more efficient, e.g., protobuf from Google)

    Logstash and Kibana

    • Logstash:
      • Supports parsing for predefined patterns (grok patterns)
      • Transforms and filters
      • Derives structure
      • Anonymizes personal data
      • Geo-location lookups
    • Kibana:
      • Open-source platform for visualization
      • X-Pack provides extensions to ELK:
        • Authentication and authorization
        • Monitoring ELK
        • Alerting
        • Report generation of Kibana contents
        • Machine learning (e.g., anomaly detection and forecasting)
        • SQL interface for Elastic Search

    Beats and Application of Log Processing

    • Beats:
      • Agents to collect data
      • Filebeat for logs
      • Metricbeat for metrics
      • Heartbeat for health
    • Application of Log Processing:
      • Logging has other uses besides debugging and performance monitoring
      • Properly structured logs help with:
        • Incident root cause analysis
        • Anomaly detection
        • Fault prediction and predictive maintenance
        • Detecting and responding to Data Breaches and Other Security Incidents
        • Ensuring Compliance with Security Policies, Regulations & Audits
      • Best practices for log analysis:
        • Pattern Detection and Recognition
        • Log Normalization
        • Classification and Tagging
        • Correlation Analysis
        • Artificial Ignorance

    AWS CloudWatch Logs

    • Allows storing and analyzing logs from Amazon Services and applications
    • Log group:
      • Clusters several log streams from multiple sources
      • Metrics can be extracted from log statements automatically and inserted into CloudWatch metrics
    • Retention period can be controlled
    • Analysis via CloudWatch Logs Insight:
      • Special query language for analysis with support for log entry fields from AWS service logs and JSON-based application logs
      • Support for visualization of query results
    • Real-time processing via:
      • Streaming to Kinesis analytics service or Lambda
      • Streaming to your Amazon OpenSearch Service cluster supporting OpenSearch and Elasticsearch

    ELK Stack for Log Processing

    • ELK stack consists of Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana
    • It's open source and free, suitable for logs and metrics
    • Elastic Stack is an extension of ELK, adding Beats and X-Pack

    Elasticsearch

    • Distributed data store, search, and analytics engine based on Apache Lucene
    • NoSQL database, organized in indexes
    • Each index is a collection of documents (JSON objects), with a schema-free structure
    • Automatically extends schema as new documents are added
    • Distributed, scales horizontally using multiple servers (nodes) for availability and fault tolerance
    • Indexes are stored in shards (primary and replicas) on nodes, forming a cluster

    Logstash

    • Supports parsing for predefined patterns (grok patterns)
    • Performs transforms and filters
    • Derives structure from data
    • Anonymizes personal data
    • Supports geo-location lookups
    • Has various filter plugins available

    X-Pack

    • Extensions to ELK, providing:
      • Authentication and authorization
      • Monitoring ELK
      • Alerting
      • Report generation of Kibana contents
      • Machine learning (anomaly detection and forecasting)
      • SQL interface for Elasticsearch

    Beats

    • Agents for collecting data
    • Includes Filebeat for logs, Metricbeat for metrics, and Heartbeat for health
    • Provides integrations for data injection from major systems

    Kibana

    • No detailed information provided

    Managing Overheads

    • Trace generation and collection overheads
    • Amount of resources required to store and analyze trace data
    • Coalescing events reduces overheads
    • Asynchronous writes reduce application tracing overhead

    Adaptive Sampling

    • Sampling rate adjusts based on application throughput
    • Reduces overall size and meets Bigtable throughput limits
    • Trace ID determines data collection

    Dapper Tools

    • Dapper Depot API provides access to traces via trace ID, bulk access, and indexed access
    • Indexed access uses a single index, combining service name and host name

    Open Source Alternative

    • Open Telemetry (OTel) is a merger of Open Tracing and Open Census
    • Originally developed by Google from 2001-2008, now open source and maintained by Google
    • Uses protocol buffers (protobuf) for data structure definition and serialization

    Studying That Suits You

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    Description

    This quiz covers the metrics monitored by Amazon CloudWatch, including EC2 instances, EBS volumes, load balancers, SQS queues, RDS DB instances, and custom application and system metrics.

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