Questions and Answers
What versions of Amazon Aurora support Parallel Query?
MySQL 5.6-compatible version of Amazon Aurora, starting with v1.18.0.
Is Parallel Query available with all instance types?
False
Is Parallel Query compatible with all other Aurora features?
False
If Parallel Query speeds up queries with only rare performance losses, should I simply turn it on for all queries all the time?
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Can Aurora Parallel Query replace my data warehouse?
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What is Amazon Aurora?
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What does 'MySQL compatible' mean?
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What does 'PostgreSQL compatible' mean?
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How do I try Amazon Aurora?
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How much does Amazon Aurora cost?
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Amazon Aurora's replication is bundled into the price.
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In which AWS regions is Amazon Aurora available?
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How can I migrate from MySQL to Amazon Aurora?
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How can I migrate from PostgreSQL to Amazon Aurora?
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Amazon Aurora participates in the AWS Free Tier.
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What are IOs in Amazon Aurora?
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You need to change client drivers to use Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL.
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What does 'five times the performance of MySQL' mean?
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What does 'three times the performance of PostgreSQL' mean?
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How do I optimize my database workload for Amazon Aurora MySQL?
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How do I optimize my database workload for Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL?
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What are the minimum and maximum storage limits of an Amazon Aurora database?
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How do I scale the compute resources associated with my Amazon Aurora DB Instance?
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Automated backups are always enabled on Amazon Aurora DB Instances.
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You can take DB Snapshots and keep them around as long as you want.
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If my database fails, what is my recovery path?
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What happens to my automated backups and DB Snapshots if I delete my DB Instance?
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You can share your snapshots with another AWS account.
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There is a charge for sharing snapshots between accounts.
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You can automatically share snapshots.
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How many accounts can I share snapshots with?
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In which regions can I share my Aurora snapshots?
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You can share my Aurora snapshots across different regions.
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You can share an encrypted Aurora snapshot.
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How does Amazon Aurora improve my database's fault tolerance to disk failures?
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How does Aurora improve recovery time after a database crash?
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What kind of replicas does Aurora support?
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You can have cross-region replicas with Amazon Aurora.
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Can I create Aurora Replicas on the cross-region replica cluster?
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Can I fail over my application from my current primary to the cross-region replica?
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Can I prioritize certain replicas as failover targets over others?
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Can I modify priority tiers for instances after they have been created?
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Can I prevent certain replicas from being promoted to the primary instance?
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How can I improve upon the availability of a single Amazon Aurora database?
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What happens during failover and how long does it take?
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If I have a primary database and an Amazon Aurora Replica actively taking read traffic and a failover occurs, what happens?
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How far behind the primary will my replicas be?
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Can I set up replication between my Aurora MySQL database and an external MySQL database?
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What is Amazon Aurora Global Database?
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How do I create an Aurora Global Database?
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How many secondary regions can an Aurora Global Database have?
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If I use Aurora Global Database, can I also use logical replication (binlog) on the primary database?
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Will Aurora automatically fail over to a secondary region of an Aurora Global Database?
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What is Amazon Aurora Multi-Master?
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Can I use Amazon Aurora in Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC)?
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Does Amazon Aurora encrypt my data in transit and at rest?
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Can I encrypt an existing unencrypted database?
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How do I access my Amazon Aurora database?
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Can I use Amazon Aurora with applications that require HIPAA compliance?
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What is Amazon Aurora Serverless?
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Which versions of Amazon Aurora are supported for Aurora Serverless?
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Can I migrate an existing Aurora DB cluster to Aurora Serverless?
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How do I connect to an Aurora Serverless DB cluster?
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Can I explicitly set the capacity of an Aurora Serverless cluster?
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Why isn't my Aurora Serverless DB Cluster automatically scaling?
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How am I billed for Aurora Serverless?
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What is Amazon Aurora Parallel Query?
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What benefits does Parallel Query provide?
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Is there any chance that performance will be slower?
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How do I turn the feature on or off?
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Are there any additional charges associated with using Parallel Query?
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Study Notes
Amazon Aurora Overview
- Amazon Aurora is a relational database engine that offers high performance and reliability, combining features of commercial and open-source databases.
- Performance: Aurora MySQL can be up to five times faster than MySQL, while Aurora PostgreSQL can achieve up to three times the performance of PostgreSQL.
- Automatic management: Amazon RDS manages Aurora databases, overseeing provisioning, patching, backups, recovery, and failure detection.
- Pricing: Customers pay a monthly fee per database instance with no upfront costs.
Compatibility
- MySQL Compatibility: Aurora is designed to be wire-compatible with MySQL versions 5.6 and 5.7, allowing users to migrate with minimal changes.
- PostgreSQL Compatibility: Aurora supports PostgreSQL 9.6 and 10 with seamless migration options for existing PostgreSQL applications.
Getting Started
- To try Amazon Aurora, access the AWS console, select RDS, and choose Aurora as the database engine.
Cost and Replication
- Replication is included in pricing: Aurora replicates data six ways across three Availability Zones without increasing storage costs, charging only for consumed storage.
- Current AWS region availability can be checked on the pricing page.
Migration Options
- MySQL Migration: Utilize mysqldump for exporting from MySQL and mysqlimport for importing data into Aurora. RDS Snapshots can also facilitate migration.
- PostgreSQL Migration: Use pg_dump and pg_restore utilities for migrating PostgreSQL data to and from Aurora.
Backup and Recovery
- Automated backups are always enabled, with no performance impact.
- Users can create DB Snapshots before deleting instances for later restoration.
- Aurora maintains several copies of data across multiple Availability Zones to ensure data availability and quick recovery, enabling restoration from snapshots.
Storage and Scaling
- Storage automatically scales from a minimum of 10GB to a maximum of 64TB as needed.
- Compute resources can be scaled in the console through instance class modification.
Fault Tolerance and High Availability
- Aurora divides database volumes into 10GB segments replicated six times across three Availability Zones.
- Designed to tolerate the loss of up to two copies without affecting write availability, enhancing fault tolerance.
- Recovery from crashes is expedited, typically taking under 60 seconds.
Replicas and Global Databases
- Aurora supports replicas that share underlying storage, facilitating high availability and read scaling without significant performance impacts on the primary instance.
- Cross-region replicas can be established using either physical (Aurora Global Database) or logical replication to enhance disaster recovery capabilities.
Snapshot Management
- Snapshots can be shared with other AWS accounts, allowing for data collaboration and secure backups across accounts.
- Automatic snapshots cannot be shared directly; a manual copy is needed to share automatic snapshots.
Failover Management
- Priorities can be assigned to replicas for failover, ensuring the most suitable instance is promoted during a primary instance failure.
- Replicas can be promoted for failover operations to maintain operational continuity during outages.
Optimization and Performance
- Applications designed for high concurrency can maximize throughput on Aurora.
- Performance improvements stem from SSD utilization and refined database architecture, resulting in substantial performance gains over traditional databases.
IO Operations
- IO operations (IOs) are tracked for performance monitoring, with Aurora optimizing write IO consumption to reduce costs while ensuring resource availability.### Amazon Aurora Replication and Failover
- Any Aurora Replica can be promoted to primary without data loss, enhancing fault tolerance during primary DB Instance failures.
- Up to 15 replicas can be created in 3 Availability Zones (AZs), automatically included in failover primary selection during outages.
- Aurora Global Database allows databases to span multiple AWS Regions with no performance impact, offering disaster recovery from region-wide outages.
Failover Process
- Failover is automatic; applications resume operations quickly without manual intervention.
- During failover, the CNAME for the DB Instance points to the healthy replica, which is promoted to primary, typically completing in under 30 seconds.
- If Aurora Serverless is in use, unavailable instances are automatically recreated in different AZs.
Read Traffic and Failover Scenario
- If failover occurs while an Amazon Aurora Replica is handling read traffic, RDS detects the issue and triggers failover.
- Cluster Endpoint redirects read/write to the newly promoted primary, but read traffic is briefly interrupted.
Replication Lag
- Aurora Replicas in the same region have virtually no replication lag, usually in the 10s of milliseconds.
- MySQL Read Replicas may experience significant lag based on network delays; typically less than a minute.
- Aurora Global Database cross-region replicas typically exhibit lag under one second.
External MySQL Database Replication
- Binlog replication can be established between an Aurora MySQL instance and an external MySQL database for maintaining consistency.
Amazon Aurora Global Database
- Global Database enables a single Aurora database across multiple AWS regions, offering disaster recovery capabilities and fast local reads (less than one-second latency).
- Secondary regions can be promoted for full read/write capabilities within one minute during outages.
Creating and Managing Global Databases
- Aurora Global Database can be created via the RDS Management Console, SDK, or CLI, requiring at least one instance per region.
- Up to five secondary regions can be part of an Aurora Global Database setup.
Aurora Multi-Master
- Multi-Master feature in Aurora MySQL adds the ability to scale write performance across multiple AZs, enhancing availability.
Security and Compliance
- All Aurora DB Instances must operate within an Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) for enhanced security.
- Aurora encrypts data in transit using SSL and allows database encryption at rest via AWS KMS.
- MySQL- and PostgreSQL-compatible variants are HIPAA-eligible for compliance with healthcare applications.
Aurora Serverless
- Aurora Serverless is an on-demand, autoscaling option for irregular workloads.
- Serverless capabilities include scaling down to zero when not in use, automatically adjusting capacity based on application needs.
- Capacity can be set explicitly if automatic scaling does not meet sudden workload demands.
Query Performance Enhancements
- Amazon Aurora Parallel Query distributes query processing across multiple CPUs, significantly improving performance for analytical queries.
- Queries running against large datasets not in the buffer pool benefit from Parallel Query, pushing down processing for up to 200 SQL functions.
Implementation Considerations
- No syntax changes are needed for queries to utilize Parallel Query; the optimizer handles query execution decisions.
- Parallel Query is available starting with Aurora MySQL version 1.18.0 and is intended primarily for operational analytics, not as a replacement for data warehouses.
Cost and Compatibility
- No additional charges incurred for using Parallel Query; however, IO costs may rise due to increased data scanning.
- Currently compatible with specified instance types, with some features like Serverless and Backtrack not supporting Parallel Query simultaneously.
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Description
Explore the features and benefits of Amazon Aurora, a relational database engine designed for high performance and reliability. This quiz will help you understand how Aurora integrates with MySQL and PostgreSQL, providing superior speed and cost-effectiveness. Test your knowledge about this advanced database solution.