Alzheimer's Disease Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Where are higher rates of Alzheimer's disease observed?

  • North America and Europe (correct)
  • North America and Asia
  • South America and Africa
  • Australia and Europe
  • What is the primary purpose of a CT scan in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease?

  • To produce detailed images of the brain
  • To monitor the progression of the disease
  • To rule out tumors, strokes, and head injuries (correct)
  • To diagnose Alzheimer's disease definitively
  • What type of imaging scan shows areas of the brain where nutrients are poorly metabolized?

  • X-ray
  • FDG PET (correct)
  • MRI
  • CT
  • What is the primary mechanism of action of cholinesterase inhibitors?

    <p>Increasing acetylcholine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common oral health issue in Alzheimer's disease patients due to medication side effects?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in dental management of Alzheimer's disease patients?

    <p>Difficulty in cooperating during dental treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of poor oral hygiene in Alzheimer's disease patients?

    <p>Dental caries and periodontal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is used to manage symptoms and improve quality of life in Alzheimer's disease patients?

    <p>Cognitive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive method of diagnosing Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Autopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dental issue in Alzheimer's disease patients due to reduced adhesion of the prosthesis?

    <p>Mouth ulcers due to friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

    • Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that worsens over time, characterized by changes in the brain that lead to protein deposition, brain shrinkage, and eventually death.
    • It is the most common cause of dementia, resulting in a gradual deterioration in memory, thinking ability, behavioral and social skills.

    Genetic Basis

    • Alzheimer's disease exhibits genetic heterogeneity, with two main types: Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease (EOAD) and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD).
    • EOAD is caused by mutations in three key genes: APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which affect the gamma-secretase complex and lead to increased amyloid-beta production.
    • LOAD is influenced by multiple genes, including APOE, TREM2, SORL1, and CLU, and their interactions with environmental factors.

    Pathophysiology

    • Abnormal processing of APP leads to the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques, which disrupt cell-to-cell communication and activate immune responses.
    • Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leads to the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, which disrupt microtubule function and impair nutrient and organelle transport.
    • Amyloid plaques and tau tangles disrupt synaptic function, leading to synaptic loss and neuronal damage.
    • Chronic inflammation in the brain, including microglia and astrocytes, contributes to neuroinflammation and exacerbates neuronal damage.

    Epidemiology

    • Alzheimer's disease affects approximately 5-10% of individuals over the age of 65, with a higher prevalence in older populations.
    • The primary risk factor is age, but genetics, gender, and geographic factors also play a role.
    • Alzheimer's disease is the 5th leading cause of death in adults over 65 years old and the 6th leading cause of death overall.

    Clinical Manifestations

    • Alzheimer's disease can only be diagnosed definitively by autopsy, but clinical suspicion can be confirmed using biomarkers and neuroimaging such as MRI, CT, and FDG PET.
    • Treatment options include pharmacological interventions, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, and non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive therapy, physical exercise, and lifestyle modifications.

    Oral and Dental Manifestations

    • Alzheimer's disease can lead to poor oral hygiene, dry mouth, mouth ulcers, and gingival hyperplasia due to cognitive decline, medication use, and behavioral changes.
    • Dental management challenges include behavioral issues, difficulty in cooperating during dental treatments, and the need for specialized care and accommodations.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of Alzheimer's disease, its causes, symptoms, and effects on the brain and behavior.

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