Alzheimer's Disease Progression
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Questions and Answers

What is memory consolidation?

  • The removal of information from neural circuits
  • The process of storing and stabilizing memories over time (correct)
  • The temporary storage and manipulation of information
  • The conscious recall of facts and events

    • Which type of memory involves enduring changes in synaptic strength for storage?

  • Systems consolidation
  • Working memory
  • Declarative memory (correct)
  • Synaptic consolidation

    • In which memory system are memories gradually transferred to distributed locations in the neocortex?

  • Synaptic consolidation
  • Declarative memory
  • Systems consolidation (correct)
  • Working memory

    • How is forgetting described in relation to memory?

    <p>The removal of information from neural circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

    <p>Encoding changes in synaptic strength vs. transferring memories to neocortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information for cognitive tasks?

    <p>Working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stimulation is involved in Long-Term Depression (LTD)?

    <p>Prolonged low-frequency stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of Ca2+ levels are required for Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?

    <p>Transient high Ca2+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does inhibitory avoidance training in rats induce in the hippocampus?

    <p>Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response does human brain tissue show to different stimulation frequencies?

    <p>Both LTP and LTD responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does selective knockout of NR1 in CA1 have on memory processes?

    <p>Blocks LTP, affecting memory processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test of memory involves shock association and freezing response measurement?

    <p>Fear Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region tends to shrink due to the spread of AD?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the research by Ramirez et al. in 2014 demonstrate?

    <p>Ability to implant false memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique can show differences between normal and AD brains?

    <p>PET scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of moderate Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Increased agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is linked to the significant brain tissue atrophy in Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Buildup of amyloid plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between learning and memory?

    <p>Learning involves acquiring new information, while memory refers to the persistence of learning over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is not immediately available to consciousness?

    <p>Nondeclarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lashley's equipotentiality theory propose about memory storage?

    <p>Memory is equally distributed throughout the cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neural response was observed in monkey pulvinar neurons to snake images?

    <p>Exaggerated response with increased spiking and faster response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of behavioral changes are induced by phylogenetic memory?

    <p>Seeking cover and crying calls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is associated with declarative memory?

    <p>Medial temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters enhance certain neural pathways during stress?

    <p>Dopamine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are more highly expressed in young animals and enhance long-term potentiation in limbic structures?

    <p>Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in aged brains under high stress conditions?

    <p>They are upregulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure sends excitatory projections to the hypothalamus during stress?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to chronic stress, what is observed in the hippocampus?

    <p>Downregulation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can daily handling impact rat behavior in relation to stress?

    <p>Make them stress-resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

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