Alzheimer's Disease Progression
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Questions and Answers

What is memory consolidation?

  • The removal of information from neural circuits
  • The process of storing and stabilizing memories over time (correct)
  • The temporary storage and manipulation of information
  • The conscious recall of facts and events

Which type of memory involves enduring changes in synaptic strength for storage?

  • Systems consolidation
  • Working memory
  • Declarative memory (correct)
  • Synaptic consolidation

In which memory system are memories gradually transferred to distributed locations in the neocortex?

  • Synaptic consolidation
  • Declarative memory
  • Systems consolidation (correct)
  • Working memory

How is forgetting described in relation to memory?

<p>The removal of information from neural circuits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

<p>Encoding changes in synaptic strength vs. transferring memories to neocortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information for cognitive tasks?

<p>Working memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulation is involved in Long-Term Depression (LTD)?

<p>Prolonged low-frequency stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of Ca2+ levels are required for Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?

<p>Transient high Ca2+ levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does inhibitory avoidance training in rats induce in the hippocampus?

<p>Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response does human brain tissue show to different stimulation frequencies?

<p>Both LTP and LTD responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does selective knockout of NR1 in CA1 have on memory processes?

<p>Blocks LTP, affecting memory processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What test of memory involves shock association and freezing response measurement?

<p>Fear Conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Memory loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region tends to shrink due to the spread of AD?

<p>Cerebral cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the research by Ramirez et al. in 2014 demonstrate?

<p>Ability to implant false memories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique can show differences between normal and AD brains?

<p>PET scans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of moderate Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Increased agitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is linked to the significant brain tissue atrophy in Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>Buildup of amyloid plaques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between learning and memory?

<p>Learning involves acquiring new information, while memory refers to the persistence of learning over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is not immediately available to consciousness?

<p>Nondeclarative memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Lashley's equipotentiality theory propose about memory storage?

<p>Memory is equally distributed throughout the cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neural response was observed in monkey pulvinar neurons to snake images?

<p>Exaggerated response with increased spiking and faster response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of behavioral changes are induced by phylogenetic memory?

<p>Seeking cover and crying calls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is associated with declarative memory?

<p>Medial temporal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters enhance certain neural pathways during stress?

<p>Dopamine and norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are more highly expressed in young animals and enhance long-term potentiation in limbic structures?

<p>Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in aged brains under high stress conditions?

<p>They are upregulated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure sends excitatory projections to the hypothalamus during stress?

<p>Amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In response to chronic stress, what is observed in the hippocampus?

<p>Downregulation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can daily handling impact rat behavior in relation to stress?

<p>Make them stress-resistant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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