Alzheimer's Disease Progression

What is memory consolidation?

The process of storing and stabilizing memories over time

Which type of memory involves enduring changes in synaptic strength for storage?

Declarative memory

In which memory system are memories gradually transferred to distributed locations in the neocortex?

Systems consolidation

How is forgetting described in relation to memory?

The removal of information from neural circuits Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

Encoding changes in synaptic strength vs. transferring memories to neocortex Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of information for cognitive tasks?

Working memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulation is involved in Long-Term Depression (LTD)?

Prolonged low-frequency stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What type of Ca2+ levels are required for Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?

Transient high Ca2+ levels Signup and view all the answers

What does inhibitory avoidance training in rats induce in the hippocampus?

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) Signup and view all the answers

What response does human brain tissue show to different stimulation frequencies?

Both LTP and LTD responses Signup and view all the answers

What effect does selective knockout of NR1 in CA1 have on memory processes?

Blocks LTP, affecting memory processes Signup and view all the answers

What test of memory involves shock association and freezing response measurement?

Fear Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?

Memory loss Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region tends to shrink due to the spread of AD?

Cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

What did the research by Ramirez et al. in 2014 demonstrate?

Ability to implant false memories Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique can show differences between normal and AD brains?

PET scans Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of moderate Alzheimer's Disease?

Increased agitation Signup and view all the answers

What is linked to the significant brain tissue atrophy in Alzheimer's Disease?

Buildup of amyloid plaques Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between learning and memory?

Learning involves acquiring new information, while memory refers to the persistence of learning over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is not immediately available to consciousness?

Nondeclarative memory Signup and view all the answers

What does Lashley's equipotentiality theory propose about memory storage?

Memory is equally distributed throughout the cortex. Signup and view all the answers

Which neural response was observed in monkey pulvinar neurons to snake images?

Exaggerated response with increased spiking and faster response Signup and view all the answers

What kind of behavioral changes are induced by phylogenetic memory?

Seeking cover and crying calls Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is associated with declarative memory?

Medial temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters enhance certain neural pathways during stress?

Dopamine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are more highly expressed in young animals and enhance long-term potentiation in limbic structures?

Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in aged brains under high stress conditions?

They are upregulated Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure sends excitatory projections to the hypothalamus during stress?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

In response to chronic stress, what is observed in the hippocampus?

Downregulation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) Signup and view all the answers

How can daily handling impact rat behavior in relation to stress?

Make them stress-resistant Signup and view all the answers