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Questions and Answers
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for the changes observed in Alzheimer's disease?
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for the changes observed in Alzheimer's disease?
- Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, leading to neurofibrillary tangles
- Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress
- Depletion of neurotransmitters and neurotrophins
- Increased production of acetylcholine (correct)
The passage discusses the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Which of the following is NOT a key component of this hypothesis?
The passage discusses the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Which of the following is NOT a key component of this hypothesis?
- Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein as the primary pathology in most forms of Alzheimer's disease (correct)
- $\beta$-amyloid aggregation and accumulation leading to Alzheimer's disease
- Aggregation and accumulation of $\beta$-amyloid leading to plaque formation
- Imbalance between $\beta$-amyloid production and clearance
According to the passage, which of the following neurotransmitter systems is NOT affected in Alzheimer's disease?
According to the passage, which of the following neurotransmitter systems is NOT affected in Alzheimer's disease?
- Cholinergic activity
- Serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei
- Noradrenergic cells of the locus ceruleus
- Dopaminergic pathways (correct)
In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, which of the following is NOT a characteristic clinical presentation?
In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, which of the following is NOT a characteristic clinical presentation?
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a recommended step in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a recommended step in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a potential contributor to dementia symptoms or delirium in patients with Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a potential contributor to dementia symptoms or delirium in patients with Alzheimer's disease?
According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic of the moderate stage of Alzheimer's disease?
According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic of the moderate stage of Alzheimer's disease?
The passage discusses the stages of Alzheimer's disease using the Folstein Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Which of the following MMSE score ranges corresponds to the severe stage of the disease?
The passage discusses the stages of Alzheimer's disease using the Folstein Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Which of the following MMSE score ranges corresponds to the severe stage of the disease?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?
What is the primary genetic factor linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease?
What is the primary genetic factor linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a signature lesion of Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following is NOT a signature lesion of Alzheimer's disease?
What percentage of Alzheimer's disease cases are attributed to dominantly inherited forms caused by chromosomal alterations?
What percentage of Alzheimer's disease cases are attributed to dominantly inherited forms caused by chromosomal alterations?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in the text?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in the text?
What is the proposed mechanism for the development of Alzheimer's disease?
What is the proposed mechanism for the development of Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the text?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the text?
Individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease appear to have:
Individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease appear to have:
Which adverse reaction is associated with galantamine?
Which adverse reaction is associated with galantamine?
What is the recommended action if a patient on galantamine shows signs of a skin rash?
What is the recommended action if a patient on galantamine shows signs of a skin rash?
Which medication requires close medical supervision and allergy testing for patients sensitized by patch exposure?
Which medication requires close medical supervision and allergy testing for patients sensitized by patch exposure?
What is a common adverse reaction associated with cholinesterase inhibitors?
What is a common adverse reaction associated with cholinesterase inhibitors?
When should MRI monitoring be performed for patients on aducanumab?
When should MRI monitoring be performed for patients on aducanumab?
Which medication is not metabolized but requires dosing adjustments in patients with renal impairment?
Which medication is not metabolized but requires dosing adjustments in patients with renal impairment?
Which type of therapy is generally used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease?
Which type of therapy is generally used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease?
'Aducanumab' was controversially approved for use in which condition?
'Aducanumab' was controversially approved for use in which condition?
Which medication is NOT recommended for the prevention or treatment of dementia?
Which medication is NOT recommended for the prevention or treatment of dementia?
What is advised when considering the use of Ginkgo biloba in individuals taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet medications?
What is advised when considering the use of Ginkgo biloba in individuals taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet medications?
What is currently under investigation for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) prevention but is not recommended for treatment?
What is currently under investigation for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) prevention but is not recommended for treatment?
Which type of symptoms are cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine beneficial in treating?
Which type of symptoms are cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine beneficial in treating?
What is a common adverse reaction to antipsychotic medications according to the text?
What is a common adverse reaction to antipsychotic medications according to the text?
Which medication therapy is no longer recommended due to severe adverse effects?
Which medication therapy is no longer recommended due to severe adverse effects?
What should occur at 2-4 weeks and 8-12 weeks after initiation of medication therapy?
What should occur at 2-4 weeks and 8-12 weeks after initiation of medication therapy?
What is controversial regarding medication deprescribing for people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
What is controversial regarding medication deprescribing for people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
What is the average expected decline in Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score per year in an untreated patient?
What is the average expected decline in Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score per year in an untreated patient?
Which non-pharmacologic approach should be used to manage behavioral symptoms like agitation and aggression in patients with cognitive impairment?
Which non-pharmacologic approach should be used to manage behavioral symptoms like agitation and aggression in patients with cognitive impairment?
What is one of the primary prevention strategies mentioned for reducing the risk of cognitive impairment or decline?
What is one of the primary prevention strategies mentioned for reducing the risk of cognitive impairment or decline?
Which type of diet is mentioned as potentially reducing the risk of cognitive impairment or decline?
Which type of diet is mentioned as potentially reducing the risk of cognitive impairment or decline?
What pharmacologic therapy is recommended for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?
What pharmacologic therapy is recommended for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?
What is a potential outcome of successful treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
What is a potential outcome of successful treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
How should rivastigmine or galantamine be re-titrated if interrupted for several days or longer?
How should rivastigmine or galantamine be re-titrated if interrupted for several days or longer?
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