Alzheimer's Disease Overview

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According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for the changes observed in Alzheimer's disease?

Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, leading to neurofibrillary tangles

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress

Depletion of neurotransmitters and neurotrophins

Increased production of acetylcholine (correct)

The passage discusses the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Which of the following is NOT a key component of this hypothesis?

Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein as the primary pathology in most forms of Alzheimer's disease (correct)

$\beta$-amyloid aggregation and accumulation leading to Alzheimer's disease

Aggregation and accumulation of $\beta$-amyloid leading to plaque formation

Imbalance between $\beta$-amyloid production and clearance

According to the passage, which of the following neurotransmitter systems is NOT affected in Alzheimer's disease?

Cholinergic activity

Serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei

Noradrenergic cells of the locus ceruleus

Dopaminergic pathways (correct)

In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, which of the following is NOT a characteristic clinical presentation?

Severe swallowing difficulties Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a recommended step in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?

Conducting APOE genetic testing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential contributor to dementia symptoms or delirium in patients with Alzheimer's disease?

Increased production of acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic of the moderate stage of Alzheimer's disease?

Patient requires assistance with activities of daily living Signup and view all the answers

The passage discusses the stages of Alzheimer's disease using the Folstein Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Which of the following MMSE score ranges corresponds to the severe stage of the disease?

9-0 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?

High high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary genetic factor linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease?

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a signature lesion of Alzheimer's disease?

Increased myelination in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Alzheimer's disease cases are attributed to dominantly inherited forms caused by chromosomal alterations?

Less than 1% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in the text?

High body mass index (BMI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed mechanism for the development of Alzheimer's disease?

A genetic × environmental interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the text?

Severe muscle atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease appear to have:

A higher burden of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in their younger years compared to age-matched controls Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse reaction is associated with galantamine?

Serious skin reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action if a patient on galantamine shows signs of a skin rash?

Discontinue the medication Signup and view all the answers

Which medication requires close medical supervision and allergy testing for patients sensitized by patch exposure?

Rivastigmine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse reaction associated with cholinesterase inhibitors?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

When should MRI monitoring be performed for patients on aducanumab?

At baseline and after every infusion Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is not metabolized but requires dosing adjustments in patients with renal impairment?

Memantine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy is generally used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease?

Combination therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine Signup and view all the answers

'Aducanumab' was controversially approved for use in which condition?

Mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is NOT recommended for the prevention or treatment of dementia?

Antidepressants Signup and view all the answers

What is advised when considering the use of Ginkgo biloba in individuals taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet medications?

Use it cautiously Signup and view all the answers

What is currently under investigation for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) prevention but is not recommended for treatment?

Vitamin E Signup and view all the answers

Which type of symptoms are cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine beneficial in treating?

Psychotic symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse reaction to antipsychotic medications according to the text?

Extrapyramidal symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which medication therapy is no longer recommended due to severe adverse effects?

Valproic acid Signup and view all the answers

What should occur at 2-4 weeks and 8-12 weeks after initiation of medication therapy?

Assessments and adjustments Signup and view all the answers

What is controversial regarding medication deprescribing for people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

"Determining when to stop treatment due to lack of efficacy" Signup and view all the answers

What is the average expected decline in Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score per year in an untreated patient?

2-4 points Signup and view all the answers

Which non-pharmacologic approach should be used to manage behavioral symptoms like agitation and aggression in patients with cognitive impairment?

Behavioral and environmental interventions Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary prevention strategies mentioned for reducing the risk of cognitive impairment or decline?

Smoking cessation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diet is mentioned as potentially reducing the risk of cognitive impairment or decline?

Mediterranean Diet Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacologic therapy is recommended for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?

Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody aducanumab Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of successful treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Slowed decline in abilities Signup and view all the answers

How should rivastigmine or galantamine be re-titrated if interrupted for several days or longer?

Re-titrate starting at the lowest dose Signup and view all the answers