39 Questions
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism for the changes observed in Alzheimer's disease?
Increased production of acetylcholine
The passage discusses the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Which of the following is NOT a key component of this hypothesis?
Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein as the primary pathology in most forms of Alzheimer's disease
According to the passage, which of the following neurotransmitter systems is NOT affected in Alzheimer's disease?
Dopaminergic pathways
In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, which of the following is NOT a characteristic clinical presentation?
Severe swallowing difficulties
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a recommended step in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease?
Conducting APOE genetic testing
Which of the following is NOT a potential contributor to dementia symptoms or delirium in patients with Alzheimer's disease?
Increased production of acetylcholine
According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic of the moderate stage of Alzheimer's disease?
Patient requires assistance with activities of daily living
The passage discusses the stages of Alzheimer's disease using the Folstein Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Which of the following MMSE score ranges corresponds to the severe stage of the disease?
9-0
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?
High high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
What is the primary genetic factor linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease?
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype
Which of the following is NOT a signature lesion of Alzheimer's disease?
Increased myelination in the brain
What percentage of Alzheimer's disease cases are attributed to dominantly inherited forms caused by chromosomal alterations?
Less than 1%
Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in the text?
High body mass index (BMI)
What is the proposed mechanism for the development of Alzheimer's disease?
A genetic × environmental interaction
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the text?
Severe muscle atrophy
Individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease appear to have:
A higher burden of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in their younger years compared to age-matched controls
Which adverse reaction is associated with galantamine?
Serious skin reactions
What is the recommended action if a patient on galantamine shows signs of a skin rash?
Discontinue the medication
Which medication requires close medical supervision and allergy testing for patients sensitized by patch exposure?
Rivastigmine
What is a common adverse reaction associated with cholinesterase inhibitors?
Nausea
When should MRI monitoring be performed for patients on aducanumab?
At baseline and after every infusion
Which medication is not metabolized but requires dosing adjustments in patients with renal impairment?
Memantine
Which type of therapy is generally used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease?
Combination therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine
'Aducanumab' was controversially approved for use in which condition?
Mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Which medication is NOT recommended for the prevention or treatment of dementia?
Antidepressants
What is advised when considering the use of Ginkgo biloba in individuals taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet medications?
Use it cautiously
What is currently under investigation for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) prevention but is not recommended for treatment?
Vitamin E
Which type of symptoms are cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine beneficial in treating?
Psychotic symptoms
What is a common adverse reaction to antipsychotic medications according to the text?
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Which medication therapy is no longer recommended due to severe adverse effects?
Valproic acid
What should occur at 2-4 weeks and 8-12 weeks after initiation of medication therapy?
Assessments and adjustments
What is controversial regarding medication deprescribing for people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
"Determining when to stop treatment due to lack of efficacy"
What is the average expected decline in Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score per year in an untreated patient?
2-4 points
Which non-pharmacologic approach should be used to manage behavioral symptoms like agitation and aggression in patients with cognitive impairment?
Behavioral and environmental interventions
What is one of the primary prevention strategies mentioned for reducing the risk of cognitive impairment or decline?
Smoking cessation
Which type of diet is mentioned as potentially reducing the risk of cognitive impairment or decline?
Mediterranean Diet
What pharmacologic therapy is recommended for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?
Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody aducanumab
What is a potential outcome of successful treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
Slowed decline in abilities
How should rivastigmine or galantamine be re-titrated if interrupted for several days or longer?
Re-titrate starting at the lowest dose
Explore the introduction and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease, a progressive illness affecting millions of Americans. Learn about genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and dominantly inherited forms of the disease.
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