Alzheimer's Disease

Inability to learn or remember new information

Alzheimer's disease

Beta-amyloid and tau

MCI significantly interferes with daily functioning while dementia does not

Agitation, aggression, and depression

Poor coordination and motor function

It interrupts neuron signaling

It interrupts neuron signaling

Memory loss

Mild age-associated cognitive decline is normal while MCI is not

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

Flortaucipir F18 (Tauvid)

Oxybutynin

Ginkgo

Anticholinergics

Barbiturates

Vitamin E

Anticholinergics

Opioids

Vitamin D

False

True

False

True

True

True

True

The main clinical findings used to characterize the type of dementia include neuritic plaques and tangles in brain tissue, as well as alterations in neurotransmitters.

The three types of dementia mentioned in the text are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia.

The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's dementia involves the accumulation of neuritic plaques (clusters of beta-amyloid protein) and tangles (accumulation of tau protein) in brain tissue, which disrupt neuron signaling and neurotransmitter function.

vitamin B12 deficiency, depression, and infection.

antiemetics, antihistamines, antipsychotics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, central anticholinergics, peripheral anticholinergics, skeletal muscle relaxants, and other CNS depressants.

Vitamin E, ginkgo, acetyl-L-carnitine, and vinpocetine.

Keeping blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol well-controlled, engaging in "thinking" activities and regular physical activity, and consuming a healthy diet with fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish, and a low intake of red meat and alcohol.

Mild age-associated cognitive decline = Normal, can cause bothersome symptoms like losing car keys more often Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) = Measurable decreases in memory and mental function, but not severe enough to significantly interfere with daily functioning Dementia = Severe decline in intellectual and social abilities that impairs functioning

Memory loss, getting lost = Alzheimer's disease Difficulty communicating, repeating words and information = Alzheimer's disease Inability to learn or remember new information = Alzheimer's disease Paranoia, agitation, hallucinations = Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease = Most common type, involves neuritic plaques and tangles in brain tissue Vascular dementia = Second most common type, often occurs after a stroke or series of mini-strokes Lewy body dementia = Characterized by protein deposits in nerve cells that interrupt brain function

Flortaucipir F18 (Tauvid) = Estimates tau protein tangles in Alzheimer's patients Benzodiazepines = Can cause or exacerbate memory loss Anticholinergics = Can cause acute cognitive impairment and occasionally psychosis and hallucinations Vitamin E = Supplement with possible benefit for Alzheimer's dementia but can increase bleeding risk

Folstein Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) = Evaluates cognitive impairment, score < 24 indicates a memory disorder Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) = Used to identify or screen for dementia Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study - Activities of Daily Living (ADCS- ADL) = Assesses functional abilities with activities of daily living DSM-5 criteria = Used to identify or screen for dementia

Vitamin E = Supplement with possible benefit for Alzheimer's dementia but can increase bleeding risk Ginkgo = Supplement with possible benefit for Alzheimer's dementia but can increase bleeding risk Acetyl-L-carnitine = Acts as an acetylcholine precursor Vinpocetine = Natural product that may be helpful in dementia

Keeping blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol well-controlled = Promotes vascular health in the brain Engaging in 'thinking' activities = Enhances the growth and survival of brain cells Regular physical activity = Enhances the growth and survival of brain cells Eating a healthy diet with fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish and with a low intake of red meat and alcohol = Promotes vascular health in the brain