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Questions and Answers
What is hypomimia also referred to as?
Which of the following is considered an earliest manifestation of Parkinson's disease?
Which symptom involves slow movement and an unsteady gait?
What is the primary focus of management in patients with Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following medications is known as the most effective for treating Parkinson's disease?
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What type of foods should be included in the diet for a patient with Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following treatments focuses on minimizing tremors in patients?
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At what stage do the five cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease begin to influence basic functions?
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What is the primary challenge faced by individuals with Wernicke's aphasia?
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Which neurotransmitter is notably low in patients with Alzheimer's disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a hallmark sign of Alzheimer's disease?
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What is the main mechanism believed to cause Guillain-Barre syndrome?
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Which type of aphasia affects the ability to produce speech but not comprehension?
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What is the expected outcome for patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome?
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What type of complication is most common at the later stages of Alzheimer's disease?
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What type of test is primarily used to confirm a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease posthumously?
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What is the role of anti-cholinesterase medications in Alzheimer's disease management?
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Which symptom is a characteristic of Miller-Fisher syndrome variant of Guillain-Barre?
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What cognitive change might be observed in the late stages of Alzheimer's disease?
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What is a common risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease?
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In what condition may patients experience temporary ascending paralysis starting from the toes?
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Which sign is NOT associated with Alzheimer's disease?
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Study Notes
Alzheimer’s disease
- Most common form of dementia
- Cause: Idiopathic (unknown)
- Common in elderly (average onset at 50 years old)
- Risk factors: advancing age, family history, women
- Characterized by gradual onset of recent memory loss (anterograde amnesia)
- Hallmark manifestation: neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, high levels of Tau proteins in nerve tissue
- Symptoms: anterograde amnesia, agnosia, apraxia, aphasia, ataxia, cognitive changes, aggressive behavior, apathy, wandering behavior, muscle atrophy, incontinence
- Diagnosis: confirmed via autopsy
- Management: medications like Donepezil to slow progression, reminiscence therapy for mental stimulation, focus on safety (well-lit environment, avoid clutter)
- Complications: pneumonia, death from secondary complications
Aphasia
- Absence of the ability to communicate properly and coherently
- Broca’s Aphasia (Expressive Aphasia): difficulty in speaking and writing, confusion, slurring and stuttering
- Wernicke’s Aphasia (Receptive Aphasia): difficulty in understanding spoken and written language, confusion, limited ability to comprehend instructions
- Global or Mixed Aphasia: Both Broca's and Wernicke's Aphasia
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
- Temporary neurologic deficit from an autoimmune response, characterized by polyradiculoneuropathy
- Mechanism: Autoimmune response that attacks nerves and spinal tissue, damaging myelin sheath and axons
- Types of GBS:
- Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP): most common variety, characterized by ascending paralysis, motor deficits (weakness, atrophy), and sensory deficits
- Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN): most common in East Asia, retains sensation, associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection
- Miller-Fisher Syndrome (MFS): associated with Zika virus infection, mainly affects eye muscles with ataxia and areflexia
- Symptoms: temporary loss of function such as movement, bladder and bowel elimination, respiratory failure
- Progression: self-limiting, complete recovery expected within weeks, as long as the client survives
- Diagnosis: CT, MRI, PET scan, CSF analysis to confirm inflammation
- Risk factors: recent viral illnesses (influenza, mononucleosis, COVID-19), bacterial infections (Campylobacter jejuni), vaccine components (influenza, HiB)
Parkinson’s Disease
- Progressive degeneration of the substantia nigra
- Cause: idiopathic, though risk factors include advancing age, viral illness (especially in elders), family history, toxins and pesticides
- Characterized by the presence and progression of 5 Cardinal Signs:
- Unintentional tremors: resting tremors, “pill rolling” tremors
- Rigidity: stiffness, unilateral or bilateral
- Bradykinesia: slow movement with unsteady gait, shuffling gait
- Postural changes: hunched back, shuffling gait, generalized stiffness
- Loss of automatic movements: inability to blink, frown, grimace, or swing arms while walking, resulting in masked face
- Management: focus on safety, mild to moderate exercise, soft diet, respiratory function, preventing atrophy
- Medical management: medication like Dopar/Levodopa (most effective)
- Complications: pneumonia, death from secondary complications
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Description
This quiz explores key aspects of Alzheimer's disease, including its symptoms, risk factors, and management strategies. Additionally, it covers aphasia, particularly Broca’s aphasia, detailing its impact on communication. Test your knowledge and understanding of these critical neurological conditions.
