36 Questions
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes dementia from a normal part of aging?
It is not a normal part of aging
What is the main difference between familial AD and late-onset AD?
Familial AD is caused by genetics, while late-onset AD is caused by environment
What is the main risk factor associated with developing AD in people with Down syndrome?
Advanced age
What is the name of the gene associated with increased risk of developing AD?
Apoliprotein E (APOE Ɛ4 allele)
What is the typical age range of people affected by familial AD?
30 to 60 years old
What is the outcome for individuals with Down syndrome in relation to AD?
They are more likely to develop AD
By what age do autopsy studies show that the brains of almost all individuals with Down syndrome have significant levels of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles?
40
What is the primary function of the APP protein?
To undergo continuous 'processing or breakdown' into shorter pieces
What is the result of the α-secretase activity on the APP molecule?
Cleavage at residue 687
What is the ratio of Aβ40 to Aβ42 in healthy humans?
~9:1
What is the effect of mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2?
Elevation of steady-state levels of Aβ, particularly Aβ42
What is the outcome of the amyloidogenic pathway of APP processing?
Formation of full-length Aβ1–40/42 peptides
What is the result of Aβ42 peptide aggregation?
Formation of extracellular plaques
Which apolipoprotein E allele is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease?
APOE ε4
What is the effect of having more APOE ε4 alleles on the risk of Alzheimer's disease?
Increased risk of disease
What is the result of Aβ oligomers binding to diverse neuronal targets?
Impaired synaptic transmission
What is the recommended frequency for reviewing patients who continue on the drug?
Every 6 months
What is a common side effect of antipsychotic drugs in elderly patients with dementia?
Stroke
What is a non-pharmacological treatment for anxiety in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia?
Cognitive behavioural therapy
What is the goal of cognitive rehabilitation?
To achieve a personal goal
What is the purpose of reminiscence and life story work?
To improve mood and wellbeing
What is the goal of Aβ production inhibitors in future AD treatments?
To limit β- or γ-secretase activity
What is a potential future treatment approach for Alzheimer's disease?
All of the above
When should antipsychotic drugs be offered to patients with dementia?
If they are at risk of harming themselves or others
What is the recommended dosage and duration for antipsychotic drugs in patients with dementia?
The lowest effective dose for the shortest time possible
What is the role of the carer in cognitive rehabilitation?
To work with a trained professional to achieve a personal goal
What is a key feature of protein misfolding and aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases?
It is similar to the behavior of infectious prions in prion diseases
In which brain regions do Aβ plaques develop first?
Basal temporal and orbitofrontal neocortex
What is the primary mechanism of action of AChE inhibitors?
Increasing the levels of acetylcholine
What is the recommended treatment for patients with mild-to-moderate AD?
Monotherapy with donepezil hydrochloride, galantamine, or rivastigmine
What is a common side effect of AChE inhibitors?
Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
In which stage of AD do tau inclusions or tangles develop in the hippocampal formation and some parts of the neocortex?
Stages III and IV
What is the mechanism of action of memantine hydrochloride?
Blocking the N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors
In which patients is memantine hydrochloride suitable as an alternative to AChE inhibitors?
Patients with moderate AD who cannot take or are unable to tolerate AChE inhibitors
What is the role of specialist clinicians in the management of AD?
Initiating drug treatment in newly diagnosed patients
What is a key feature of the progression of AD?
Spreading of protein misfolding operates at different levels
Learn about the basics of Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common type of dementia. Discover the causes, types, and characteristics of AD. Test your knowledge with this quiz!
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